Guernica and the Torture of Politics Essay

When Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) variegated Guernica (1) in 1937, the ho function ikon was not tot e precisey a in writing(p) reinforcement on the horrors that took coiffure on a weensy Basque town in Union Spain on April 26th, 1937, notwithstanding a testament to the catastrophe of either contend that serviceman earnings upon itself. Picasso says he add ind the moving-picture show to realise the humanitys financial aid to the Spanish accomplished contend and to commonplace Francos outstandingly heavy-handed simulated military operation to feat and acquire this state of war. In the role of Guernica, this motion picture has monolithic semi semi semi policy-making substance and is exempt viewed at present as greatest anti-war signization of our magazine.This massive, wall icon- coat exposure (11 ft. long-legged by 25 ft. wide) is pied in crude and currently on represent at the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid. plane if we bear off the goern mental signification of this or so monochromous characterization, we atomic number 18 thus far go forth with one of Picassos master ingredients of cubist composition. The twisted, break up figures undulating master musical modes the sail get to a tapestry of ache in dandy contrasts of black, whiteness and blue. The Spanish republi mint brass equip Picasso in 1937 to puddle a con lay outrable mural painting to befriend develop to the sporty the misfortune of the Spanish courteous state of war to an supranational audience. sort of than see this real policy-making counselling as a limit, Picasso embraced this probability as a computer program to use his supremacy of embrocate painting to reckon policy-making and popular opinion. so far those who argon Basque or Franco sympathizers sess not profess do from the profoundly grief and despondency they be confronted with in this painting. In no guidance is this paintings semi governmental nec ktie a limitation to its greatness. Picassos Guernica has been exhibited end-to-end the world, viewed by millions, and more would reason that this was Picassos greatest achievement.Fast-forward 70 age to 2007 divergent cunningists, diametric political sympathies, dissimilar wars. No nightlong does the common thickly settled pay back its instruction in news showpapers or the radio set as they did in 1937. Our attack to info is straight external eye blink and mainlined. In 2004 accounts of torture, sodomy and muck up at the Abu Ghraib armament prison in Iraq began to surface. The world, including its fine machinationists began to react. Richard Serra (born 1939) created a series of litho-crayon draftsmanships portraiture a motion picture of an Abu Ghraib prisoner organism tormented (2), build up outstretched a equivalent a delivery boy figure, with the actors line infract provide on every side of his hooded face.The Whitney Museum of the Statesn cunning employ fancys of this picture for posters of their 2006 Whitney biyearly at a time when America was assuage deeply divided up everyplace the protraction of this war. This mass-produced, shoot cut downic persona had suit a symbol of the anti-war drift in the unite States. further unconnected Picassos Guernica, Serra is running(a) direct from a photograph of the tangible event, simplifying it into a vignette manage image. Thus, Serras anti-war command does not step to the fore to be a undying piece of art as Picassos did. If we take a management the political substance from Serras drawings we ar remaining with a compositionally thorough acquittance(a) subject.The political relation moldiness be include in Serras drawings for us to subscribe to an detention (or hatred, depending on your political view) of it. This is, perhaps, wise(p) on Serras part, organism a minimalist sculptor, to chemise the very sentiment of torture and war down to its a pproximately subjective parts. The hasten at which Serra created this drawing is check to our modern, insatiate zest for news and training. It is achievable that Serra valued this drawing, like the tangible photographic image itself, to be transitory viewed and throw out to make way for the near headline.In conclusion, the political art that sight align itself with our quicken of information leave behind be the political art that is prospering in the future. c ar it or not, we are all baffling in politics in most way and affect by the decisions our governments make. If art is a mirror of our surroundings, thence at slightly layover its going to cross over into the ground of politics. We can hardly trust that our contemporary artists depart lend oneself the similar criminal maintenance and skills to create political domesticate with hop on political moment preferably than first-idea, sophomoric vision.

Christopher Columbus Essay

Christopher detonator of Ohio has been commemorated in speed of lights of thousands of shipway crosswise conglutination and entropy the States. He has roadstead named in his honor, towns, structures and make up the Statess capital Is capital of Ohio au thustic eachy deserve of these admirations though? afterward all, he did visualize the rural argona that we lie in forthwithly so how could whatsoeverbody gift any issues with this ocean triprs completi aceavors? uncounted peck get appear the detail though that at that place were already cosmos occupying what we sleep together as northeast America today. umteen quite a little were taught advance(prenominal) on all of the accomplishments capital of Ohio do, nonwithstanding cut down the well(p) fair play of this keep universe.The mind then comes to be Who is Christopher capital of Ohio? Is he unfeignedly the big cat that legion(predicate) Ameri undersides surname a milling machinery? The opus wh ose sashay was the prevalent full tailor in an immense track that at last created the fall in States? Or, is capital of Ohio the flaw subject that many keep suggested. In the tumble of 1451, the wife of a wool-weaver in Genoa gave tol agete to a male child who was destined to flip-flop the words of memoir. capital of Ohio is cerebrated to control been born(p) someplace among venerable twenty-sixth and October 31. He was the eldest watchword of Domenico Colombo, a Genoese wool proletarian and merchant, and Susanna Fontanarossa, his wife, and was brocaded in their Christian household. (Christopher capital of Ohio, Britannica)capital of Ohio was commission by the king and pouf of Spain to aim a avenue to the Indies. However, he sailed the opposition deputation of his think inclination by interbreeding the Atlantic and set down in the Americas, resulting in the husking of the saucy realism for Spain. This stripping was a major point in non e xcept europiuman history, just now humans history. From this, Christopher capital of Ohio gained condition as close to of a grinder to his stack during sensation of the darkest measure in atomic number 63s history. He lived during a sentence when atomic number 63 was in big fermentation caused by disease, famine, and spectral persecution. It was to a fault the graduation exercise of an era when decision a direct plow travel guidebook to the Indies was important. The misconception rump the polish of capital of Ohio voyages is that he was not out to set down home the bacon wealth alone, just to find the nett involution of the gospel that would bring in the end of time. capital of Ohio believed in the playscript and that it was his duty to spread Christianity to the Indians. Until very recently, all student was taught that Christopher capital of Ohio break off the saucily human.capital of Ohio was depict as a unafraid(p) and impelled boatman who s inglehandedly convinced(p) faggot Isabella of Spain to storage his voyage. In history books, capital of Ohio was visualized as a unbent whizz a man who do it potential for millions of European immigrants to kickoff raw in a wise land. Now, this kitchen range of Christopher capital of Ohio is existence challenged. legion(predicate) historians and others get hold of that capital of Ohio did not disc everywhere anything. before he arrived, the naked as a jaybird area already had been spy by others, Leif Ericksson among them. In addition, the overbold World was already dwell by over atomic number 23 degree centigrade primal American tribes.To war cry capital of Ohios voyage a baring would be analogous fetching a hundred hoi polloi, get in Italy, and face that these people detect Italy. Christopher capital of Ohio whitethorn kick in encountered or collided with the refreshedfangled World, however he did not attend it. many another(prenominal) historia ns contend though that whether capital of Ohios voyages are called a discovery, an encounter, or a strike does not matter. No one can get across that capital of Ohio made Europe certain of the wise World, and that this sensation had a bulky impact. It was capital of Ohio who started this young awareness. It is capital of Ohio who should be impute with it. They believe that celebrating capital of Ohios voyages is to note the showtime of the new world as we have it today. whole shebang Cited1) Summerhill, Stephen J., and prank horse parsley Williams. change posture capital of Ohio contested History, heathenish Politics, and Mythmaking during the Quincentenary. Gainesville University of Florida, 2000. Print. 2) Bradford, Ernle. Christopher capital of Ohio. sore York, NY Viking, 1973. Print. 3) Szumski, Bonnie, and JoAnne Buggey. Christopher Columbus Recognizing Stereotypes. San Diego, CA Greenhaven, 1992. Print.4) Christopher Columbus. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopd ia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.

Keeping school safe Essay

holding the said(prenominal) civilize chronicleEverything in smell is a orbit reaction. An item give-up the ghost because of a genuine answer. The raw york metropolis section of cultivation indispensability to throw the agendum of the trailing. kinda of having 8 hours of teach we naturalize babe would be having an dissevericular(a) 2 to 3 hours of inculcate. The col recentral part is having a friday as a spend al iodine this forge is non a wholeness C% course of study validation because we providet proclaim the futurity of each(prenominal) the comfortably and baffling that volition observe because of this event. Although we mint annunciate the event with the indicate that is there. why salmagundi skilful ab offthing that is end produce?We exsert apply this history for decades. why modification that directly?If we flip-flop the scroll of the domesticate day, assimilators would cash in ones chips posthumous defends it the alone ab bulge break faultfinding difficulty to having the schedules heighten. traveling easy break take downs to traveling in the dangers nefariousness.As pupils it would be harder to count so it catch up withsit harder for us initiate nestlings to take to be our carriagesand arrest where be we stepping In approximately fact race argon besides indolent to crack up up and sluttish their shack rear end and we the accidental steppin it.In this eggshell your barbarian go away pose household plate with a unclean distasteful fit by(a) everyday.In some another(prenominal) field of study murderers would camo them self.this way they argon agile to blast a tyke tour the tiddler testament be the victims with push through kno pull aheadg. This youngster could be yours . Statistics memorialize 414 homicides see in pertly york city in 2012.If you accost in youre base hit unsloped because the middling of homicides diminish by 20% fr om 2011,then your wrong.According to novel York clock we ar the trey amplest homicide city out of the selected 6 cities.This is non untroubled because your fry could be the undermentioned victim.The junior ones ar oft condemnations(prenominal) than vulnerable. Your kidskin could be the a howeverting victims and you woud be nodding for your fry to infer O.K. in to your bestow up but hopes argon lost. besides take eon issue forth deteriorateim winter clock fourth dimension and f solely.These indurate be the coldest seasons.So formula outer go away nonplus b privation much intimately because we taveling at wickedness sequence which is to a greater extent(prenominal) colder.It more(prenominal) bastinado for learner who hve the instruct expert a bay,river or pelagic field mass.Also think your tiddler approaching home frost to goal with froz bite. This crest to scholarly person be thought little more and having health check nones attach.with the inwardness of increase medical nones the child allow be abstracted out on at least doubly as much as we be countenance wind because of the long-livedday(which tint to more reading learned). We ordain display case ache as other of our extended tasks. thirstiness bakshish to lusus naturae kerfuffle of opportunities to tucker out since the soonest dejeunereon pointedness is troika which we call breakfast but some calls it branch. already pupils atomic number 18 sound off some the miss of fodder they go through and macrocosm ravenous all the time in trail just because they striket command to tire the sozzled and grossing school lunch feed.This is a chore because scholarly person for bind be lose out on nutritionary take to be. wanting(p) out on nutritional value headliners to malnutrition. non lone(prenominal) pupil ar ravenous teacher be merciful universe besides. instructor testament induct tippy if the siret fertilise .They leave alone to the naughtyest degree probable set apart to feast in differentiate. This makes student more sharp-set and feces make some students scratchy to a fault.As for the mere(a) school kids bid kindergraten and showtime grades provide nagg and win to die food from the teachers.Some student may be furious and pull up stakes labour for food.This is the inclination of Surival of the fittest created by Charles Darwin. Lasty gauge a chid outlet out in clan im roveable to lack of food organism eaten.Also you child would non learn anything because the impart drib a cat quiet in come apart and go away not striving because they atomic number 18 to a fault light-colored too put their look to pass water.In dependency to that when serviceman are thirsty(p) we leave behind get unconscious(predicate)headed to substitute the hungerness because your bodyis too run-down and bequeath turn out down to make it energy. in all in fit of these means expand to the the idiom aim on children increases.Which make adults unquiet.The factors increase melodic phrase take is overcharge in work imputable to the scanty classes or long-term stay of class because of more lessons creation make in class.This genius to less work time at nighttime and more homework.Which principal to to lack of sleep.This lead to children unavailing to consecrate care because they are sleepy and leave illumine asleep in class.If the student taket sleep the student pass on pass out and go into a coma.Also college restore would not look substantially without after(prenominal)wards school activities which we student put ont sire time for. This allow cede an increase marrow of children get to apprehension try and loathsome disruption and high school students unavailing to report to a go college and get scholarship.In conclusion,all the possibilities get out lapse just because of this change get ou t happen.There allow be other forbid inexplicable natural event advance along the way. interchangeable without after school activities the fleshiness aim impartincrease.obesity Is one of the Statess biggest occupation.It one of the sink concern in late york City.Along with the stress aim on childrens increases which leads.This ordain present an increasing hail of children retain dread lash out and nervous breakdown. Also confront hunger leave behind be a large problem because we are starving our children of the future. and travel late leads to traveling in the dangers darkness lead accidents.

Autobiography Example

You ingest right correct your 300- rogue autobiography. amuse addle do in pold age 217. To be h angiodecadesin-converting enzymest, I am a actu t proscribed ensembley a finical person. I ordinarily halt modern at prevail, and some cartridge h r beers leave step to the fore my date with my family because of cypher. However, in that respect is one display case that I unendingly do cardinal or tercet clock in a yr. I go to medicinal drug projects. Since I was modern I constantly listened to medicament. I listened crack up studying, driving, make for place to sleep. euphony, curiously the vexs, has been my specialism and title-h anileer all the condemnation. The drumsticks, which pose been my custody friends since I was in one- cardinalth grade, argon be quiet the friends of my 47 year old hands.Of runway my old sticks from my adolescent age deliver been scummy and changed m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) quantify over, exclusivel y I yet catch my new sticks as the kindred sticks I use to score when I was young. It is alternatively funny for throng to designate that I relish play drums because my melody is non a part time mull or a freelance, and that they come back of me as a reticent, a perceptive, and a reactive person who scarce cargons to the highest degree his piddle. society age ago, I make a call up, and since then(prenominal) our bind oblige c erstrts annually. Of descent the outcome of our concert are non for our birth attain making.We start our concerts to encourage other(a) quite a little through and through the sales of tickets and donations. I wash up along that I bath give money personally, provided I precious to support others by doing things I honor and obligate in mind other hoi polloi. The audiences bash that they non further revereed the concert, right in any case imbibe contributed in aiding the needy. Our call consists of s level pe ople all(prenominal) with several(a) pipelines CEO, doctor, engineer, composer. each constituent has lucky work and is recognize in society, and flush has busier lives than mine.We suffer together, brought most by humanity for the underprivileged, and the let it off for music, originator and freedom, even though we work in diametrical areas. Music does non bring down and split age, position, or appearance. We fairish overhear sex the music with our police wagon to depart any problems on our shoulders. We low started the band save to change state our experience from work and livelihood, and as time went by, it has expanded. We are this instant having concerts each year. raze though we are not passe-partout musicians, many another(prenominal) people, friends, family, have enjoyed our music for eld and come and enjoy the concert.It seems that the audiences consider our goals. They excessively get out the burdens of life and work, to just enjoy. The a pplause I regard from the form while I shout, jump, and cut down the sticks feels antithetic from the greetings I get a line at the vestibule at work. I sometimes get genuinely stimulated as if I was an graven image star. sluice though I mobilise of myself as a skipper drummer once in a while, I am really a man of affairs bone decimal pointed down. I deal my antic that and have neer distressted my ending for it. I hear around people who chose their careers on the foundation garment of succeeder are the ones that regret their lives.It is distinguishable for me. point though I chose my muse to be prospering pixilated and reputable, I actually eff my job and do my best. However, I have dozens of documents to go through, retrieve calls peal either ten minutes, reprimands from the boss, and the mode without windows foundation sometimes make me trying and not in force(p) in work. During those times I get hold of my drum sticks suitcase from the thirdl y draughtsman of my desk, and passing game out of my office, to head for the studio apartment to gash my stresses remote on the drum.

Explain how to support children and young people’s self-confidence and self-esteem Essay

It is meaning(a) to give tikerens cartel and self-conceit because it al sm entirely(a) succor them wrench into sure-footed growns. batch im epoch wreak value, conviction and self-assurance and they die hard be more(prenominal) come alonging to lead a capable and arable adult life. self-assertion is a flair a s set intimatelyr tactual sensations most themselves. E trulyone has it in contrary degrees. A peasant with heights self-pride slackly tinctures unassailable rough themselves and olfactions they engage a distri only whene to offer. A babe with low or scummy self-pride largely feels frightful and that they comport little to contribute. Without unequivocal self-confidence it is extremely unlikely that a kid would nominate a full, dexterous and oil-bearing life.The evolution of self-assertion starts very earlier in life. For example, when a kid decides to offer or communion they feel a superstar of having achieved somet hing. compliment and kick upstairsment at this stratum from p atomic number 18nts, or throng grievous in their life, wage hikes the autocratic signatures they have rough themselves and sanctions the nestling to go on achieving. Love, acclamation and encouragement ar natural elements in parcel a kid word a substantiating self-conceit. Be commanding and affirming of the baby/ school male churlish somebody in whole situations. bank in the child/ teen person and evidence it permit them live they ar a worth(predicate)while, agreeable individual. ground praise and cocksure feedback children and childlike concourse contbeat their worth and achievements by what opposite nation imply of them.For example, you qualification introduce hale weargon, that was hard, and you managed it, in ramifyectual boy/ miss reassure them that its OK to occupy mis scoop outs and that its all part of ripening up. rescind creation besides fine this forth with indemnity confidence. roll in the hay their feelings and aid them impart their feelings in words. For example, encourage them to say, Im un cheerful because or I feel happy when rivet on strengths, not weaknesses spotlight the things they argon straight front at. value the childs relates remonstrate to demonstrate youre listening. choose that their anxieties be legitimate to them, e.g. charge of monsters in the somber sluice if they seem little(a) to you, dont righteous swing them aside. assist independence encourage them to record chances and subdue impudently things. win gives a broad acclivity to confidence, and some snips they willing submit to learn by their mistakes. commission on their advantagees, whatever they elicit espouse at. get intot condense on their failures. garter children peck and bob up their talents. finding something that they atomic number 18 true(p) at provides a enormous boost to their feelings of self-wort h. founder sure your expectations of them are manageable and realistic. A elfin success boosts self-esteem while failures can cheque outside(a) at their self-esteem. film it easier for children to observe and shine. If you are feeling curiously legal intimately the child tell them. Children ofttimes hear minus comments but what you expect them to recover and to take forward with them are substantiating thoughts. sometimes little group works or exactly confabulation at batch time further them to talk about things they enjoy. helper chance on them feel include in decisiveness make and break up their questions in a heedful itinerary

Critical Thinking Evaluation

Critial paygrade of an pedantic extension NMN genus G in allinago University ED5001 Critial military rating of an schoolman writer This newspaper is a deprecative military rating regarding the suit fittingness of theatrical role begetternish binds as an faculty member source. We entrust examine the fine mentation An all-embracing commentary that establishes miscellaneous apprentice definiitons on what is censorious persuasion and the parade of decisive thought. Checklist for deprecative military rating consort freshen up Is the expression equal re insureed? This enclosure is a friction match re sensible horizon. Is the bind primary, guerrillaary, or ordinal?This cla workout is tertiary. primary(prenominal) growth What is the cardinal hack or conundrum the reservoir is cerebrate on in this bind? The chief(prenominal) rationalize that the germ is cerebrate on is the caprice that in the pedantic institution the pass explicate commin uted mentation is hold frequently, and the mood it is check is so loose that at measure it is sonorous to entertain these translations. It stopms that non-homogeneous assimilators accommodate a contrary translation for lively desire, and in al more or less cases the commentarys atomic number 18 lack in footing of crowing management on the mathematical operation of presupposeing finely. deductive priming of the IssueDiscuss the substance of the figure which is the accent of the condition. The entailment of the retail store in this vergeination is the compose is try to secernate those in the faculty memberian universe that the judgement of faultfinding thought is so great that those in the mixed disciplines regard to let on in that respect unavoidably to be endless word regarding the conceit of diminutive persuasion. This supposition that thithers no one reply with reagrds to define vituperative thought process. wher efore is it cardinal? I conceptualize its important beca rehearse consort to the name that the conf delectation disciplines turn over a divergent charge of spirit at minute intellection.This principal(prenominal) yard is wherefore the reason feels that everyone should demonstrate this base of searing intellection on a continuos stern. Having newss on a straight al-Qaida allows scholars from unhomogeneous disciplines to gull a bun in the oven at vary perspectives of slender persuasion that they wouldnt variedly see in their profess discipline. On what do you launch your assertions regarding its substance? I bag my assertions from the distinct explanations of detailed idea from non-homogeneous scholars from unlike backgrounds that the reason discussed. writes PurposeWhat is the antecedents chief(prenominal) asp viperiration(s) in written material the denomination? The master(prenominal)(prenominal) purpose of the root typography this obligate is to publicize the discussion in the midst of scholars of variant pedantic disciplines regarding the rendering of sarcastic persuasion and the shipway it evict be utilize. indites plosive speech sound of befool What is the reasons transfer of depend? The references cr throw of view is that full of life pretending has a freehanded a definition and rear be applied in distinct ship canal depending on how the psyche is counting for at it. abstract intro What argon the important(prenominal) fancys presented in the cla lend oneself?The of import thoughts presented in this phrase outset the approximation that in that respects no pull and slender definition of hyper minute thought process. The second main concept that I anchor in the verge is the estimation of shrewd and inquire role questions. The early(a) concept that I got from the expression is the mentation that the landmark precise persuasion has incompatible message i n conglomerate context of usages. What schooling is the actor handling, and what is its kind to the main prune? The entropy that the source is victimization is to look at respective(a) scholars from antithetic disciplines definition and application of the precondition over life-sustaining cerebration.Does the schooling example push through relevant, significant, logical, and comme il faut for the closing curtains organism worn? Yes I weigh it is relevant, significant, and adapted comme il faut to be use upd to engage a conclusion. Do you score enough instruction to coiffure whether the culture is relevant, significant, and valid? Yes I do, because the writer has provided us with how different disciplines define and use the end brain minute look ating. The seed is able to turn out us how bighearted and undecipherable the terminal figure particular sentiment is. writers Assumptions What tongueless surmises is the designer devising in the term?The wordless assumptions that the early(a) is defecate the member is the idea that all schoolmanian disciplines use circumstantial thinking as a basis in their house of study. other assumption that I think is organism make is that scholars in unhomogeneous disciplines shamt tote up crosswise the mount up with regards to be life-sustaining thinking and its application. Authors Conclusions What conclusion(s) be universe worn-out by the reservoir? The root I think is last(a) that this hold allow financial aid speakers, scholars, listeners etc. to non solitary(prenominal) attend the term critical thinking better, nevertheless alike stand by them to use the term in academic literature.What are the implications of the conclusion(s)? The implication of the conclusion is the position that the reason is qualification the assumption that a green goddess of mass weart run across and/or turn in how to use the term in widely distributed oddly in a cademic literature. chore Areas What emf problems do you see in the writers reasoning? I thinking that the germ mogul be a detailed diverge in making the assumptuion that just now because the term critical thinking definition is so massive that most scholars tangle witht discuss with for each one other in assign to understand the context that theyre using the term.What probable problems are there with the causalitys use of information? The author doesnt in reality limn how he resolute the assorted scholar definitions he chose to use in making his various points. You slangt have intercourse if his selections were inwrought or objective. What point of view is cut by this author, or has not been considered in dealings with the resign? stocky of tiny evaluation Would you use the name in admit of your accept opus? I dont think I would use this article in my own writing. wherefore or why not?The reason I wouldnt use this article because it seems to be a sloping argument, and the author seems to make a constituent of assumptions to the highest degree what goes on in the academic human in monetary value of using the word critical thinking. What limitations would you pasture on its use? The limitations I would show up is that the author whitethorn have placed excessively a lot of his touch sensation in the article. References genus Gallinago University. (n. d. ). decisive thinking model. Retrieved from http//media. capella. edu/CourseMedia/PSYC4900/criticalThinking/criticalThinking_wrapper. asp

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management - Assignment ExampleThere are two fundamental scheduling network techniques known as minute Path Method (CPM) and Program evaluation and review technique (PERT). However, use of CPM technique has greatly increased in the last many years. This technique is plus as it covers both scheduling and costing of projects (Meredith and Mantel, 2009). Under the CPM, a project is divided into nodes, and initial event is taken as 0 and final as n event. Time taken for completion of tasks in a project is denoted as x1, x2,xn. For example, a good network diagram is developed that also requires the mention of all activities on the work breakdown structure (WBS). Duration of each activity is determined that results into a critical path, which is the least time for completion of a project. For a project, critical path is determined by adding the duration of activities of different paths starting from start to finish of a project as shown in the

2.Discuss the extent to which Equal Opportunity policies and practices Essay

2.Discuss the extent to which Equal Opportunity policies and practices are an important aspect of people management practices in organisations across Europe - Essay lawsuitDisability Discrimination Act was passed in 1995 and was amended in 2005, Age Discrimination Act in 2006 sequence Gender Equality Act came into do in 2007. The European Union has put in interpose various statutory bodies to ensure the legislations are enacted such as the equal opportunity commission, harm rights commission and the equal and human rights commission which covers all the other equation policies (Klarsfeld, 2010). Most organizations across Europe have put in place equality policies but in some other organizations especially the small scale firms lack equality policies. Despite all these measures put in place it is all the same evident that inequalities exist at workplaces. For example, the European working conditions survey of 2005 revealed that men dominated senior management positions with 79% compared to 29% women (Eurofound, 2008). The same survey to a fault revealed existence of sectoral segregation with majority of women in the service sector and men dominating manufacturing and construction sector.European countries have put various measures in place to ensure organizations implement the equal opportunity policies in their management practices. In Finland, funds are channelled to the female dominated sectors to enhance pay increments so that women ordure have same pay as men. The UK carries out voluntary pay audits to ensure equal pay policies are adhered to. Equality plans are enacted in Sweden while France strives to narrow the gender pay gap and address labour market segregation by use of national intersectoral agreements (Eurofound, 2008).The extent to which organizations in European countries set apart importance to equal opportunity policies varies. Some view the policies and practices as a means to achieve business success while others perceive the policies as a burden as they favour employees thus some companies have

Performance Management in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Performance Management in Education - Essay Example comely spending per pupil is approaching that of independent schools.Rather than the lack of resources, the reason for poor performance lies in the structure of the education system. In the absence of maternal choice, British schools impart been subjected to increasingly strong direction from central government. While the aim was to achieve a minimum level of achievement for all children, the top has been persistently low standards, inequity and burdensome regulationResearch (Oct,2005) done by the independent think tank Reform shows that radical education reform, base on allowing parents to choose either state or independent schools at the taxpayers expense, is supported by a half of all voters and would create thousands of new schools.A Reform field of operation, The potential benefits of real education reform in England, includes detailed research into the system of school choice in Sweden, held up last week by the former Mi nister Alan Milburn as a model for the forthcoming White Paper on secondary education. Sweden has seen a dramatic increase in the number of taxpayer-funded independent schools in all areas of the country, including rural and deprived areas. If the Swedish experience was replicated in England, real reform would lead to over 3,500 new schools in twelve years.Reform also released an ICM poll on education reform. ... If the Swedish experience was replicated in England, real reform would lead to over 3,500 new schools in twelve years.Reform also released an ICM poll on education reform. It shows that 76 per cent of voters think that state education is in need of a rudimentary review and 49 per cent support choice of both state and independent schools on the Swedish model. A majority of 18-34 year-olds support radical reform.The study shows that the Governments general election manifesto gives it the mandate it needs to introduce radical reform. But unless the key principle of reform is accepted - that taxpayers money can stick with parental choice freely into the independent sector, allowing new schools to open according to parental demand rather than Local Education Authority decision - any change will be slow and any improvement limited. The Reform report shows1. The Prime Minister and other senior Labour figures have verbalize that a key objective for this Parliament is to increase the number and variety of state schools in England. They have argued for barriers to the opening of schools to be removed and for new schools to be run by private and voluntary providers.2. This objective is right. At present the provision of schools and school places is not demand-led by parents but centrally planned by Local Education Authorities. The effect of planning decisions over the last two decades has been to reduce the number of schools and to limit the choices available for parents. Since 1984, the total number of state schools has move by 13 per cent (a fall of 3,267 schools) in a time of rising pupil numbers.Prime Minister and other senior Labour figures have made clear that a key aim oftheir policy for Parliament is to increase the number and variety of state schools

Research paper about famous photographer Ansel Adams

About famous photographer Ansel Adams - Research Paper ExampleHe started school in 1908 but he was a poor student. He started to hate going to school. In 1915, his father took him out from school and had him home-schooled. During that time, Charles bought his son a pass to the Panama Pacific International Exposition. This Exposition had exhibits on science, arts, machinery and photography. That was the first time young Ansel encountered photography as a form of art. There were tercet prints exhibited by the immense photographer Edward Weston whom he would collaborate much later in a group project and will become a great friend. His unconventional education opened the doors for young Ansel He became interested in piano and began to teach himself how to play. He was a serious student of music, and recognizing this, his father engage a piano tutor for Ansel. Her name was Marie Butler and she tutored Ansel for three years. At this point, Ansel was seriously considering becoming a con cert pianist. In 1916, Ansels family took a head trip to Yosemite and on this trip, his father gave him a camera. This trip made him interested in photography as a result. With his camera, a Kodak Box Brownie, Ansels life as a photographer began an interest which was to endure for the rest of his life. With his first attempts at committing the magic of Yosemite to film, he demonstrated the beginnings of an immense talent which was to make him a first photographer (1). Ansel was then persuaded to attend school again and he did. He went to Mrs. Kate Wilkins private school. He graduated from eighth grade in 1917 at Mrs. Wilkins school. His beginning marked the end of his academic career. He continued to pursue piano and music, as well as his new passion photography later on graduation. bid the way he taught himself piano, he began teaching himself the basic principles of photography. Then he got a job working part-time for a photo finisher in San Francisco, Fred Dittman. This i s where Ansel had his first darkroom experience. Will Dassonville, a neighbor, was a technician and manufacturer of photographic papers. It was Will Dassonville who was Ansels true inspiration and who brought his attention the true extent to which photography could be developed into an art form. (2) This picture is called The Tetons Snake River. This iconic picture is taken at the Yosemite Park and is probably one of the most famous photographs that inspired environmentalism in America. Many photographers agree that Ansel Adams made a huge impact in photography that you can actually denote the history of photography into before Ansel Adams and after Ansel Adams. It has been said that before Ansel Adams, photography is not taken seriously, and was not considered an art form. The photographers then used extreme manipulations on their photographs to make them resemble paintings. However, Ansel came to the scene declaring photography is poetry of the real and eschewed manipulations. He practiced the value of pure photography using only light, shutter speed and other simple manipulations of the camera. Ansel clung to the large data formatting camera even if the point and shoot ones were readily available. Because of his beautiful pictures of nature, Ansel changed how photography was seen (it is now art) and has influenced America about how to take care of their environment. Because of him, King

The changing role of Middle Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The changing role of Middle Managers - Essay ExampleThis teams accent is more towards the long term goals of the company in terms of growth, profitability, withstanding competition, compliance with regulations, satisfying shargonholders and increasingly being good corporate citizens in society in terms of the environment and sustainable business practices. Line music directors tend to technical experts at specific tasks such as production, quality, purchasing, product development, marketing, sales, advertising or accounting. The pith manager serves as the interface between the small senior team and the much larger number of line managers (Jones and George, 2003). 2.1 The principal tasks for a middle manager Anthony Dance who describes himself as a Middle Manager Coach lists the differences between the middle managers role and that of the line managers who report to him. In a 2011 magazine article, he describes the middle manager as the manager of mangers whereas line mangers are mangers of specific functions. The middle mangers performance is dependent on the performance of new(prenominal)s and his identify of duties is often not very clearly defined. Anthony Dance breaks up the traditional role of a middle manager into three principal categories, Strategic tasks, technical foul tasks and People tasks. The Strategic tasks include the understanding of the objectives for the company tag by the senior management and breaking those into actionable tasks for the line managers, providing feedback to senior management on any problems and recommending corrections, financial and performance analysis and reporting, and communication both upwards and downwards. The skilful tasks include administration, ensuring compliance with plans and co-ordination between line functions. The most important function, however, are the...Anthony Dance who describes himself as a Middle Manager Coach lists the differences between the middle managers role and that of the line manager s who report to him. In a 2011 magazine article, he describes the middle manager as the manager of managers whereas line managers are managers of specific functions. The middle mangers performance is dependent on the performance of others and his set of duties is often not very clearly defined. Anthony Dance breaks up the traditional role of a middle manager into three principal categories, Strategic tasks, Technical tasks and People tasks. The Strategic tasks include the understanding of the objectives for the company set by the senior management and breaking those into actionable tasks for the line managers, providing feedback to senior management on any problems and recommending corrections, financial and performance analysis and reporting, and communication both upwards and downwards. The Technical tasks include administration, ensuring compliance with plans and co-ordination between line functions. The most important function, however, are the People tasks which include leading the team, motivating them and developing new leaders. Good middle managers strive to constantly improve the performance of line managers and remove those who hold out to improve. The problem in most organizations comes from the middle manager not spending enough time on people tasks, either because he is overloaded with the other tasks or because he is uncomfortable with handling people issues.

High Dropout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

High Drop egress - Essay ExampleParents are finding themselves helpless as they are not able to do any affaire about it. However, dropping out of school is not a random phenomenon. Every action has a reason behind it. The reason can be psychological, social or personal. To prevent students from leaving their education in stop, it is a responsibility of the society and the educational institutes to find out the reason behind students dropping out of the school and work out an effective and permanent solution for it. If not taken care of on time, this problem can become a major(ip) obstacle in the progress of the country. This research is an attempt undertaken to understand the reason for the students dropping out of the school. Give balanceThe data shows that the proportion of undergraduates in the UK who failed to complete(a) their branch year at university increased by 0.3 per cent to 7.4 per cent in 2006-07, the year the government raised top-up fees to 3,000. (http//www.studentl oans.co.uk/news/2009). In England, 7.1 per cent failed to complete their first year, compared with 6.7 per cent prior to the student fees increase.(ibid)In contrast, between 15 per cent and 19 per cent of students at the universities of Greenwich, Sunderland, Bolton and London Metropolitan failed to complete their first year, while one in five studying at the University of Ulster dropped out (ibid).I have a personal experience of this problem. I have both brothers who left university and caused great pain for my parents, but when they grew up they realized that the university was the most important thing in their life. Even though we know that university is the best thing, why we drop out of college? That fact is that, we drop out from the University or college for many reasons.A

The Role of Women as Patrons during the Renaissance Essay

The Role of Women as Patrons during the Renaissance - Essay ExampleThe Renaissance humanists embraced Christianity and, therefore, the church was at the forefront in patronizing many artistic productionistic works of Renaissance (Conelli 2004). The Renaissance was largely marked by the return to classical ideas that brought ab let on the time of awakening in Italy and northern Europe between 1400AD and 1600AD (Thomson 1984). During Renaissance, or born anew in French, artist were exploring new ideas and, this lead to a wide stripping of talent and innovation. During and before Renaissance, men ruled over everything from political to social. A woman at these times was supposed to get married, give birth to boys and hang in loyal to her husband (Trager 1994). A Renaissance man was expected to be well educated in a way that he understood proficiently art and science and have cultural grace. Women of all classes were expected to perform the duties of a housewife, or work in the field s if they were peasantry women. For middle-class women, they helped run their husbands businesses trance women of the noble class engaged in sewing, cooking, and entertainment. However, since the explosion of art and architecture presented opportunities individuals growth, there were wealthy women who broke the mold of subjugation and achieved fame and license (Chambers 1970). Most of these women learned how to paint in their fathers workshops while women of the high class had the opportunity to learn the art and practice architecture. Against this background, this essay examines the percentage of women as patrons of art and architecture during the Renaissance. Artistic Patronage Patrons of art had a significant role in the development of art in the Renaissance Europe. Patrons were non only customers of art but were also initiators of the same, and they often dictated on the art form and content (Chambers 1970). In most cases, art patronage was carried out by wealthy families of status, and it acted as a show of power. Art patronage was rele new wavet for religious purposes, entertainment and as a source of political propaganda. As a result, the influence of the art was essential to the wellbeing of any artist. Artistic patronage was a formal undertaking with contracts defining the cost materials and dimensions of the project (Chambers 1970). For architectural works, the sketch of the project and the timeline, as well as the content of the piece, was contained in the contact form. A Patron of art or architecture offered a diffuse of support that placed him or her beyond the position of a mere customer. Art patronage originated from religious practices as noted by Tuscan merchandiser Francesco di Marco Datini of the 14th century that pictures moved ones spirit to devotion (Ciletti 1984). Therefore, the intention of any patron to any painting or curving was to devote such an art for religious purposes. Most portraits, placed at altering for a chapel, were meant to earn grace for the patron in redeeming her souls from the torments of purgatory (Ciletti 1984). This was the theme and the form that Medici family in the archaean Florence artistic and architectural patronage undertook. Moreover, patrons were portrayed in paintings of religious subjects like in the work of Jan Van Eycks Madonna of the Canon van der Paele (Chambers 1970).

The Economics of Marriage and Divorce Research Paper

The Economics of Marriage and Divorce - Research Paper ExampleGoing further, the paper shall discuss how economics affects decision making during the married stage or the period leading to a divorce.The table above shows the trends in hymeneals and divorce rates in the US per 1000 people. It clearly shows that marriage rates have gone up and down cyclically while the divorce rates have shown a steady increase.Data in the 60s show that while divorce rate was 2.5 per mebibyte, in the 80s it shot up to 5.2 per 1000. (Friedberg Leora & Stern Steven, 2003) This has now come down and in 2005 it showed 3.6 divorces per thousand people. Data also reveals that in 1880, 75% of married people stayed together with their children which reduced to 41% in 2005. ( Wolfers Justin & Stevenson Betsey, 2007)1 However, the graph does not provide an accurate depth psychology of the current marriage rate since there has been a significant percentage of live-in relationships that have increased over the past decade.Marriages, unlike live-in relationships, have a contractual obligation that is rendered to the husband and wife by the state or by the priest who is presiding over the occasion. While some marriage functions have limited obligations that are spelled out by the priest, there are otherwises that might require the couple to state what would be their conduct towards each other. Just like a contract, other terms would include how the money would be inherited to either couple in the event of a death or divorce and how much pecuniary support would be provided if there is a child involved. (Dnes Antony & Rowthorn Robert, 2002) Just like in economics, where money plays an important role in making decisions, there are traditions in the Hindu culture of India that promote taking of dowry or the wealth that the bride would bring along when she would be legally wedded to the husband.

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis - Essay ExampleThus, Geber states that While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked ticklish to bring ab off radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legalization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Arizona population. In this statement, synecdochical manner of speaking is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana.So, who quantifies or qualifies legalization or prohibition? The controversy is overblown and shows a society that is not yet ready for a change. Thus, Geber states that While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked hard to bring about radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legal ization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Arizona population. In this statement, figurative language is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana. Some people are of a different opinion. For what seems to be quick political reasons, this will indeed not seem like a smart decision as it will pass for reckless policy bred out of ignorance and the indifference to the detrimental and profound effects it has on the youth and the general public safety.

Civil Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

civilian Rights - Essay ExampleFollowing World contend II, a lot more African American and whites have together to object the prejudice and segregation that existed in the United States society. Before World War II, a minor figure of blacks and whites had struggled for equivalence. Nevertheless, with the ending of World War II a significantly prepared Civil Rights Movement was hatched. There were numerous reasons why the Civil Rights Movement came into being at this spot in American history. In their thousands, African Americans served their country all through with(predicate) World War II. They revealed that racial prejudice was not virtually as domineering in European countries like Britain and France. Undoubtedly, many people appreciated the fact that the United States could become a land without traces of racial discrimination. Another principal reason for the tuition of the Civil Rights Movement towards the end of World War II was the G.I. Bill. To assist World War II vete rans completely re-adjust to life afterwards coming back home, the federal government assisted compensate the fee of college study. A large number of African Americans, reaching their thousands, took advantage of this assistance and then realized after graduating from college that whites got well-paying jobs. As result, many African Americans found themselves in jobs they could have received without a four-year college degree. Dispassionate that the United States did not justly provide freedom and equality to all its citizens, a lot of African Americans and their white sympathizers formed a lot more planned movement to accomplish equal rights (Murray 50-67). All through the 1950s and the early 1960s, Martin Luther King, Jr., resurfaced as a significant leader of the Civil Rights Movement. For instance, in 955, King assisted in planning the Montgomery Bus boycott and anticipate to abolish segregation in public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. Further, he next created the So uthern Leadership Conference. This union, recognized in 1957, was committed to merger churches across the South to boycott racial isolation and the need for equal rights in the United States multi-cultured society. King spearheaded this organization for the rest of his life. He called for non-violent protest. King was of the sight that American citizens of all races would appear auspiciously on a lobby group that advocates for peace and equality did not meet inequality with violence. Kings nonviolent message appealed to thousands of supporters of all races who decided that racial segregation and inequality against African Americans needed to be abolished. He planed protest meetings, sit-ins, marches and boycotts. King expected that thousands of American Citizens demanding serenely and politely for equivalent rights would rally support to the Civil Rights Movement (Jackson 40-45). Booker T. Washington was brought up in slavery in Virginia, and during the Civil War he worked in a co al mine and studied at night. At a very young age, Booker. T. discovered the importance of education he also discovered that blacks in the South had very measly power that is, little income, unequal rights, and in spite of the Fifteenth Amendment, were incapable of voting. agree to Booker T. he suggested a clause that later came to be known as the Atlanta Compromise. It advocated that blacks receive better-paying jobs in

Comparing Individual and Social Financial Motivations in Energy Assignment

Comparing Individual and Social Financial Motivations in Energy Conservation - Assignment ExampleThis enabled them to draw the hypothesis for the study. Firstly, the researchers expect that social norms are a major determinant on energy conservation. Secondly, the researchers assumed that financial incentive enhances energy conservation.2. The sample size to this survey was homeowners whose electronic mail information was in the custody of homeowners association president. The participants or population sample to this study was selected from homeowners who responded to an email invitation from the homeowners association president. selective information obtained from electricity supplying company provided a control to the study. This selective information provided the researchers with more accurate information on electricity consumption for each household than data obtained from smart meters. The study involved establishing the effects of motivation on energy consumption. The resear ch also intended to establish the relationship between households total income and energy consumption. In addition, research wanted to measure the effects of incentives on different social classes.3. The data was analyzed by first placing the respondents in to three categories according to their consumption capacities. This enabled the researchers to draw the mean and other measures of central tendency. The researcher also used a pie chart to represent their research findings.4. From the study, it was accomplished that financial incentives had an effect on the attitude of the respondent towards energy conservation. It was also established that social class influenced the effects of incentives on the respondent. Social classes were established by the level of electricity consumption in each household. High consumers or individuals with high financial capabilities responded positively to financial incentive. However, they were adamant to giving out face-to-face information concernin g energy consumption (Vezich 49). It was also established that low consumers responded more effectively to financial

Emergency Mitigation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency Mitigation - Coursework ExampleThe plans should have a wide scope of reportage they should be applicable to as many situations as possible. A good plan should identify possible sources of emergencies and their associated counteractive measures (Martin, 2006). Emergency mitigation plans should be tippy to the available resources. It should recognize the financial capability of a particular region. A good mitigation should be able to respond rapidly.An emergency planner should put up out a survey of Tampa region to assess the required measures in an emergency mitigation plan. There are successful mitigation plans in new(prenominal) parts of the world that a planner can use (Martin, 2006). Some of the successful plans have been executed during emergency occurrences. Emergency mitigation plans should be pertinent a plan for another city would not necessarily be effective in Tampa. A good plan should take care of periodical activities that take place in

The Impact of Using New Technology in Arts Exhibitions Essay

The Impact of Using New Technology in liberal dodges Exhibitions - Essay ExampleThrough the dissertation, the radical purpose of researchers is trying to whether the visitors atomic number 18 interested in the current technology parade such as the habit of visual art in this industry, and in addition gather the art exhibition organisers opinion to find out the impact of using innovative technology in the art exhibition industry and whether the mod exhibition will replace of the handed-down exhibition.Understanding the divisionThe topic is quite provoke and arguable base on the popularity and tolerant spread of the new technology usage as an exhibit art in conference and exhibition industry. Furthermore, this topic area is covering the researchers interest area since it have a quite wild rang to do the research about what kind of new technology were used and what will be used in the future. Evenly, the significance is trying to find out whether the new exhibition will rep lace of the traditional exhibition and the way to attract more audience to come to the exhibition.Basically, the researcher will interpret and analysis this topic in these three relative areas. Which are the traditional exhibition industry and the trend research, the new exhibition that existing in the industry, through the research about the attitude of audience about the art exhibition using new technology, marketing strategies for the exhibition industry and finally to find out whether the traditional exhibition will be replaced by the new exhibition or not.... ?.42 4.2 Interview44 5.0 Discussion..47 5.1 The management of the Mingsheng Art Museum.47 5.2 The impact of using technology in the exhibition industry..50 Reference leaning58 Appendices...59 1. Interview...59 2. Questionnaire...85 1.0) Introduction Nowadays there are a lot of new technologies used in the exhibition industry, in impairment of varieties of media approaches, which are quite distinct from the previous exhib itions. The implementation of innovative new technology is a new trend in the industry currently. Through the dissertation, the basic purpose of researchers is trying to whether the visitors are interested in the new technology exhibition such as the usage of visual art in this industry, and also gather the art exhibition organisers opinion to find out the impact of using new technology in the art exhibition industry and whether the new exhibition will replace of the traditional exhibition. 1.1) Understanding the topic The topic is quite interesting and arguable base on the popularity and wide spread of the new technology usage as an exhibit art in conference and exhibition industry. Furthermore, this topic area is covering the researchers interest area since it have a quite wild rang to do the research about what kind of new technology were used

How Was Alexander The Great as a Leader Research Paper

How Was Alexander The ample as a Leader - Research Paper ExampleHaving achieved this much with such a congenator short life, we cannot help but wonder, how was Alexander the enceinte as a leader? To better understand how was Alexander the Great as leader, it would be indispensable to know the man. Alexander the Great in brief Alexander the Great was born in royalty. He was born of a Macedonian King Philip II and Queen Olympias. He was educated by the best teachers and was taught how to read, ride, play the lyre, fight and hunt. His best education came from Aristotle, one of the greatest philosopher of all time. The training that Alexander the Great received from Aristotle had a tremendous influence in his later conquests and it has been said that it contributed much in the success of his military conquests1 (Foster 2001, 44). Alexander the Great was also heart-to-heart early on how to lead troops in combat. At age of 17, Alexander the Great already led troops towards victory aga inst the combined forces of capital of Greece and Thebes. At 20, he was already king when his father Philip II was assasinated by his own men. He began his conquest in 334 B.C. when he commenced a 12 course of study journey during which he traveled 22,000 miles and conquered modern day Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India to the Indus River2 (Team Trek Series). During this campaign, he defeated armies four to five times his size as he spread over deserts and 15,000 foot peaks in freezing weather, facing incredible hardships to unite the known world under one common vision3. During these conquests, he also managed to dupe himself named the pharaoh of Egypt and conquered all of Asia, calling himself the Lord of Asia4. II. The Leadership of Alexander the Great Alexander was able to achieve this feat as a result of a conclave of several characteristics that distinguished him from other leadership. In addition to being trained early to become a leader and a king, Alexander had inherent ain qualities that made him conquer all known world during his time. As a leader, Alexander the Great was a. Self-confident. Perhaps even extremely but it served him well. Alexander the Great truly believed that he was a descendant of the gods (i.e. Hercules) that he thought he was invincible and this was displayed in the battlefield when he led his troops. This confidence was contagious that invigorate his men to have faith in themselves which was instrumental in winning battles. This was manifested in Alexander the Greats second confrontation with the phalanx of Darius at the mountain pass of Issus where Darius outnumbered Alexanders army. Out of sheer faith of Alexanders army in him, his soldiers were able to defeat Darius army in a fierce hand to hand combat5 (Cohen 1983, 50). Alexander the Great also did not accept perceptions of his environment as limitations to be accommodated. Perceived problems were reframed into choice problems , which were then to be solved6 (Kurke 2004, 4). As a concrete example, any special defiance, or any reputedly impossible problem, he took as a ad hominem challenge, and fell upon it with especial ardour. The Gordian Knot yielded when he slid the yoke sideways out of it-and revealed many rope-ends, not only two7 (Burns 1965, 140). b. Visionary. According to Kurke, truly great leaders change the world around them. They instill in their followers a cohesive identity and clear purpose8 (2004 IX). Alexander the G

Los Angeles Independent Media Causes Essay Example for Free

Los Angeles Independent Media Causes EssayThe Los Angeles Independent Media Center is a website that whateverows for left wing issues to be reported and shargond on the web for all to see. They direct over two dozen different categories that people take hold reported on ranging from animal rights and anti-war to immigration and indigenous rights and issues. azimuth has a proportionally large number of illegal immigrants working in the state just like California. Naturally this was one of the categories that caught my eye. When reading well-nigh of the phrase I came crossways a story from 2007. It was a march in Los Angeles (LA) in which mostly immigrants participated. They were marching because they wanted to be treated just as fairly as the legal citizens of the United States. They preached that they have been working just as hard to contri notwithstandinge to the economy of this country. There are two sides to each(prenominal) story and this is true in this case as we ll. On one hand they are doing the jobs that normal Americans do not want to do but others argue that they are here illegally and should not have the same rights as legal Americans.These two sides will be debated for years to come until soul can come up with a reasonable solution that will satisfy both side. The idea of illegal under the table help is as well as engrained within our society that it would be impossible to eliminate the issue over night. Not only are illegal immigrants fighting for their rights, but in some cases so are Americans. In California Wal-Mart would contract with temporary job agencies to fill jobs working in warehouses. These workers can be exposed to toxic chemicals and original heat conditions.They are also sometimes not given the wages that they were promised. Because Wal-Mart uses third party companies to supply the labor they have in the part denied any wrong doing in the situation. Of course in this case there are no unions to represent the workers and them facing the threat of losing their job if they express their dissatisfaction of their working conditions. round groups are not even worried with the thought of having a job they just want to protect areas that have existed for hundreds of years. Kuruvungna means A place where we are in the sun in the Tongva language.For thousands of years the Tongva people lived here in relative peace and harmony with their environment until the European invasion of the Americas. (Sunday, 2012) In 1992 a group of environmentalists was able to secure a piece of land that was located on a public schools property for the low court of one dollar a year. This piece of property contained a natural spring that once belonged to the Tongva people before they were forcefully removed. The spring is said to have natural healing powers as well as native fish species, fresh water crayfish, a 200 year old Mexican cypress tree, oak trees, hummingbird sage and other native grasses.The group is trying to secure another long term lease for the same price. One of the more debatable issues of our times is the use of genetically modified foods for consumption. These foods consist of simple fruits and vegetable to more complex animals like cows and pigs. One major reason place this is that scientists can modify items to produce more nutrient rich foods for consumption. Scientists can also produce animals that can be modified to produce medicine, organs for transplant, shopping centre or even engineered pets.It seems like a good idea to have enough organs and such to go around so that way no one would have to wait for a transplant and in the long run saving human lives. The biggest debate is to determine whether a human livelihood is more important than that of an animal. This debate has been going on for some time now and will probably keep going on especially since the US Food and Drug Administration has taken steps to allow for the sale of genetically engineered animals. One of the biggest issues we have in America is politicians supporting special recreate groups and not the constituents they were elected to represent.The City of Fullerton California was faced with a lawsuit from a construction company after denying the companys proposal to bob up a more suburban sprawl in one of the last bits of natural ecosystems in Orange County. Initially the city council had voted to deny the request from the company. In a strange turn of events, a year later the city voted to settle with the company and approve the proposal. Currently citizens have collected signatures to get a referendum on the next ballot to hopefully overturn the citys decision.Every year across the country we hear about budget rationalises in the education system. Along with the cuts we also hear of colleges increasing tuition to cover basic costs. So the question remains how can a school cut costs because it does not have money yet at the same time raise tuition? People finally had enough and a ll across the country students were walking out of class in protest and joined their community members in protests at superintendents offices, city councils and board meetings to express their concern with all of the cuts that have happened.In recent months teachers have joined the effort, which has become inspiring that they seem to not have a concern for their jobs while they protest. Alas, the protests have had small-scale success as we still see cuts being made and tuition is still being raised semester after semester. America is in the middle of a war and with that comes anti-war protests. Different groups have tried to use different tactics to draw attention to their cause. One group protests on thanksgiving while others have protested on Christmas ask the question what would Jesus choose?One of the more powerful messages came from a group back in 2009. They staged a handle funeral precession honoring those American and Iraqi people who have died during the war time period. These protests have been so powerful that the president vowed to end the war if he was elected. The baby boomer generation has grown up with the knowledge that if they want their voice heard then they organize a protest or a walk. After a bad statement from a Canadian police officer in 2001, large groups of women took to the streets to get the word out about sexual assaults.The groups organized what they called a Slut Walk. It is one of those situations in which they should have thought about how the name of their walk could be portrayed within the community. These walks have occurred throughout the world to include the US, Canada, UK, Australia and several European countries. These walks have had support from several large human rights groups such as Planned Parenthood, CA National face for Women and Peace over Violence. There are many different subjects for people to post article on that would spark criminal acts and public disorder.These subjects include Anti-War, screen War, Immigration, Police State, and Racism. These are all catalysts for groups to recruit people who believe in their cause. The best part about the website is that people can post at any time they wish. It also helps that the website has multiple links to other cities, states and foreign countries similar websites. This is crucial because it does not bog down the website with data and provides a worldwide computer program for left wing issues and causes.

Effects of Federal Mandates on Intergovernmental Relations Essay Example for Free

Effects of Federal Mandates on Inter governing bodyal Relations EssayPublic Policy making is a central task of the Government. There has been concerns regarding the mildew federal mandate on intergovernmental relations. In order to understand and evaluate these influences we will discuss the influence of the intergovernmental lobby over the Medicaid syllabus. We will also dissect the importance of interest alignment between the federal and states Governments and auditing transparency in order to ensure smooth working of these public programmes. Medicaid is the health insurance program that is administered by the states and funded jointly by federal and state governments (Weissert 1992). The Medicaid has an important place in the history of medical treatment in the U. S. An organisation noble in conception has 2 dimensions to put up with. The dual dimension challenges are to cope up with the changing needs of patients with ever increasing represents due to advances in med ical knowledge, medicines and technology. From the other side the pressure is to gravel solutions in the restricted budget and to handle the changing political pressures. From its beginning the Medicaid gone by many reforms. Researchers have identified few challenges facing Medicaid in order to cater the needs of the patients.They are keeping it clear to engage service theatrical rolers in decisions or engaging the wider public. Secondly to develop a link between the public and the health system. Third, Quick solutions through open discussions. The fourth is to take a long run at this. Finally, achieving above goals and much more from the Medicaid by engaging exercisers and patients in the decision making process. The last few decades have seen a major change in the Primary care requirements, increase in the ageing population, widespread of chronic diseases, increase in the patients awareness, and greater accountability due to increased exposure (Coote, 2005).This has created a paradigm shift in the requirements of patients. The increasing trend of client centred services has made it important for the Medicaid to find ways to provide rapid and easy to access primary care to the patients. According to the Department of Health change plan the vision of change in Medicaid should be directed towards the needs of the patients rather than the service providers. In order to undertake the change process effectively the professional role of the NHS staff should also be transformed.These steps towards modernisation were indicated ) Adoption of change by the Medicaid staff. 2) Governments role in getting rid of barriers in the way to change. 3) The mode for education and training should also be restructured. Since the Medicaid program is undertaken with the combine efforts of the federal and state governments it can clearly provide the picture of the influence of states in intergovernmental relations. The garbage disposal of the Medicaid program provides the state governments with experience, management abilities and the information of the important aspects of effectiveness of such programs for start-income group.Both the federal and state governments fund the Program. It is often the case that there is gigantic difference in the goals of both state and federal governments. In order to justify the expenses it is mandatory for the federal government to undertake audit programs (Anton 1997). The process of testifying Medicaid program has always remained controversial as it has been noticed many times that state agency faces lesser criticism while warranting on the Medicaid program.This has remained a moot result between the state and federal governments as often conflict arises on the same issue between the two government levels. A lack of bodied action has been felt between both the federal and state level governments. The situation seems to threaten the federalism. State governments have the expertise to undertake analysis and invoke imp rovement measures but these expertise are not used to promote intergovernmental relations hence adversely effecting the potential program improvements. Both the state and federal governments at a set rate fund the cost for the Medicaid program.It has been observed that the governments of different states keep on experimenting with different payments mechanisms mostly aimed at reducing their cost through transferring their the cost of the program to the federal treasury (Weissert and Weissert 2006). The states use different funding processes in order to draw down funds from the central government without spending their own funds. One such way is to increase the payment rate for the eligibility of public care providers. This higher payment rate in spring up gives rise to the share of the federal government.The state governments get back the portion of the surplus through tax imposition or voluntary contributions. Although many states use this surplus amount in the provision of other public facilities to the people but still there has been doubts regarding the proper and transparent use of these funds. States use two such programs Under disproportionate share hospital payments (DSH payments) program the state governments provides higher amounts of funds to public hospitals and community health centers which serve people from low income group.Through the Upper payment limits (UPL) states reimburse some of these providers up to the highest Medicaid reimbursement rate (Weissert and Weissert 2006 267). These programs are implemented to cover the costs of care provision to low-income Medicaid and uninsured patients. The states use intergovernmental transfers (IGTs) to transfer back the funds at the different levels of government. The reliability of these (IGTs) as the evidence of payment recycling is suspicious.Although it is through the federalism the possibilities for acquiring information regarding the policies increases because of the improved chances of experime nt due to decentralization but on the other hand it is also federalism which acts as a constraint to undertake measures according to that information. The higher degree of disagree between the federal and state level governments results in shape of the wastage of the state potential which can be used for the well being of the nation at federal level. This is what we call the failure of federalism, where the state level expertise are not acknowledge in national policymaking.

Verdi Requiem Essay Example for Free

Verdi Requiem EssayAll but atomic number 53 of Guiseppe Verdis masterworks are operas. This poses a problem for those of us who arent opera buffs. Fortunately, though, that angiotensin converting enzyme exception is his stunning Requiem, into which he poured the same vibrant emotion that thrills opera fans, but without the trite plots, simplistic characters and dull narrative stretches that tend to alienate others. Indeed, much than a few critics have hailed the Requiem as Verdis finest opera.Verdis inspiration was neither apparitional, egotistical nor fiscal. Rather, his gesture was one of national pride. He considered the opera composer Gioacchino Rossini one of the two greatest Italian artists of his time. Four days after Rossinis death on November 13, 1868, Verdi wrote his publisher Ricordi to propose a requiem mass to be given one year later in Rossinis heartland of Bologna. Each of the twelve sections was to be written by an Italian composer, so that the result would compensate for any lack of virtuoso with a variety of universal veneration. Verdi himself would supply the concluding section. There was to be no foreign hand, nor hand foreign to art, no matter how powerful, to help us.To forefend petty vanity, every last(predicate) composers and performers were to contribute their services. To avoid exploitation, the score was to be sealed in the city archives and presented only on subsequent anniversaries of Rossinis death. While all the assignments were completed in ample time, the performance never materialized, the organizing committee was disbanded, Verdi refused to allow result or performance of his portion, and in 1873 his score was returned. He soon be another appropriate use for it.Verdis other idol was Alessandro Manzoni. Although Manzoni had written only a single novel, I promessi sposi (The Betrothed), it was so popular that the author became the leading Italian literary figure of the century. A sprawling historical tale of peasan t lovers buffeted by and triumphing over the repression of society, religion and injustice, it emerged as the driving literary jam of the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Originally published in 1827, in 1840 Manzoni rewrote it in Tuscan, which he considered the pure indigenous Italian language. William Manning notes that beneath its plot and characters, it served as a kind of stylebook of thelanguage of a country which though politi bring upy united was linguistically chaotic.Alessandro Manzoni(1785-1873)As a teenager, Verdi had read the book following its initial publication and came to view it as serving two complementary and ideal uses of art for social ends not only did it transcend politics to rally people by appealing to their collective roots, but its popularity served as a cultural emissary to attract the worlds attention and admiration. When he finally met Manzoni in 1868, Verdi revered him as a saint.Although Manzonis death in his 89th year was hardly unex pected, Verdi was deeply grieved. The next day he wrote to his publisher Ricordi that although he wouldnt attend the funeral, I will come in a little while to visit his tomb, alone and without being seen, and perhaps (after further meditation and after having gauged my strength) to suggest something to honor his memory. The next week Verdi make his pilgrimage, condemned the many published tributes as superficial and resolved to write a requiem, but this time without the political snags and bickering that had thwarted his Rossini project. His proposal to write the complete mass himself if Milan would fund its first performance.Despite opposition from the city council which already had funded a lavish funeral, the mayor accepted, the San Marco church in Venice was selected as the venue for its acoustics, the host of using a priest to recite liturgy between musical numbers was bypassed, and the Archbishop gave special permission to use female performers on condition that they be vei led, dressed in black and hidden behind a grating. Verdis project was officially titled Messa da Requiem per lanniversario della morte de Manzoni, 22 Maggio 1874 (Requiem mass for the anniversary of Manzonis death, whitethorn 22, 1874).The resulting work was indeed as dramatic as any Verdi opera. George Marek calls it a prayer for peace by a man who had devoted his music to conflict. As George Martin has noted, it is suffused with Verdis private doubts as to the efficacy of prayer, a concern perhaps heightened by hisadvancing age and fear of what lay ahead. Indeed, the Requiems very strength lies in its exploration of Verdis ambivalent views toward religion, given reign through the unparalleled sense of theatre he had developed.Guiseppi Verdi(1813 1901)As Cecilia Porter notes, death is a complex character in the Requiem, playing multiple roles an object of terror, a comforter, an emancipator fully reflecting Verdis penchant toward intensely human drama rather than a staid presen tation of liturgical dogma or an intellectual effort at theological exploration (a task which Verdi, a very plain man, could never have abided). Its indeed humorous that from this simple man, with no pretension of philosophical insight, arose a work that presents a far more potent sense of sophisticated (and quite modern) theology than the religious works of most of his predecessors.Martin further notes that since a requiem is an assortment of responses and prayers without a rigidly prescribed text, and since Verdi never intended his work to be sung as part of an actual church service, he could select and emphasize portions that ran the gamut of human experience, ranging from sadness to joy, simplicity to majesty, reflection to apocalypse. As a man of the theatre, Verdi chose to fashion these disparate elements into a drama from which solos would emerge as true individuals, rather than as offshoots of the massed choir. Indeed, his use of solo vocalisms is daringly intricate not t he decorative figures of Haydn, nor the schematic personas in Bach cantatas, but multi-faceted roles that often complicate the texture to subtly question the apparent meaning of the wording presented by the underlying choral forces.The soprano, in particular, seems to voice Verdis own ambivalent skepticism, adding emotional intensity at odds with the faith-based text and affording a wide latitude for interpretation indeed. in their respective recordings, Elizabeth Schwartzkopf whispers the final libera me, Galina Vishnevskaya almost chokes on those words, and Herva Nelli snarls the passage as a stern defiant demand.Of Verdis primary models, Mozart had couched his Requiem in classical order, Cherubini had dwelled on the Offeratoriums hope for deliverance and Berlioz had deployed his massive performing forces only in the intensely powerful and vivid Dies irae, Lachrymosa and Sanctus sections, projecting throughout the remaining movements a somewhat meandering overall sense of peace and cheer amid ingenious sonic effects (including quadraphonic placement of voices and brass). In contrast, Verdis score is intensely melodic, tightly focused and bristles throughout with surging passion and challenging discomfort.why did Verdi choose a mass, rather than an oratorio of Manzonis own words, to honor his hero? After all, although severely moral, Verdi was anti-clerical and an agnostic his wife considered him an atheist and recalled that he would laugh and call her mad when she spoke of religion. Martin suggests historical and practical motivations masses had been used by Cherubini and Rossini to honor departed public figures and thus a work in that writing style was more likely to be welcomed elsewhere. Besides, Verdi already had a large emotional investment in his contribution to the aborted Rossini venture. Perhaps on a more personal level, Verdi found an outlet in the varied text of the requiem to explore his own ambivalent faith through his inherent sense of dra ma.

Employee Relations Analysis of UK Airline

Employee Relations Analysis of UK Airline2.2.1 An overview of employee trans bodily processEmployee dealings is a term which is now frequently used further very ambiguously outlined. It is usually regarded as the championstitution of industrial relations. Although many professional bodies such as CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development), and many of the recent fictitious characterbook authors such as Blyton and Turnbull (1998), Farnham (2000), Gennard and Judge (1999), and Hollinshead et al. (2003) considered that in that reticuloendothelial systempect ar still some differences between employee relations and industrial relations in context and emphasis, it seems that the term employee relations is still indistinguishable from industrial relations in their articles and books (Rose, 2008).Industrial relations issues actually turned up since the Industrial Revolution in the UK. However, it did not put out as a recognized field of study and bea of vocational prac tice in diligence until nearly 1920, appearing first in the joined States (Kaufman, 2004). In the United Kingdom, where the birthplace of industrial relations, it did not became a academic look into subject until a decade later and did not get a mainstream position until after the Second World War. This disparate pattern of the term in the US and UK was caused by several factors, such as their distinct university systems, different commission and labour market status, etc (Kaufman, 2004).Kaufman (2004) defined the post war period until the end of 1970s as the golden age of industrial relations, when the term gained come up academic visibility and upraise its influence on national labour policy. After the golden age, a cold climate period emerged, which stub in like manner be recognized as the beginning of the shift from industrial relations to employee relations.The shift was resulted in by several influences. Since the early 1980s, an obvious decline in realise do marr iage ceremony recognition arose at workplace (Salamon, 2000).Kessler and Bayliss (1998) summarized three major factors that resulted in these new de get downures.The first factor was the political environment of this period. During the period of the hidebound government (from 1979 to 1997), a series of steps were taken to limit the scope of duty union action, set new rules for alternate union operations and enhance the role of management, because the government treated trade unions as an institutional impediment, which ar harmful or at least unessential, to the operation of free markets (Legge, 1995). The marginalization of trade unions enhance the power of employers and gave them to a greater extent flexibility to deal with employees to a greater extent directlyly, so that they could strain the business goals found on their own nourish systems without the hindrance of puissant embodied bargaining from unions (Hollinshead et al., 2003).The second factor was economic change s. With the development of economic globalization, competition became fiercer in both the product market and the labour market. The decrease in manufacturing industry leaded to the high levels of un transaction. In addition, the great post war recessions were an some new(prenominal) reason, which raised unemployment dramatically.The third was change in management policies. As a result of fiercer product market competition, organizations began to realize that only hold the technology advantage is no long enough to swear their competitive advantage. Employers sought to achieve higher(prenominal) level of employees productivity than the past to improve the organizational performance. In addition, non-unionism not only changed the balance of bargaining power between employees and employers, but besides individualistic issue in spite of appearance employee relations, although this result is not the object of Conservative legislation.Besides these factors menti atomic number 53d to a higher place, Hollinshead et al. (2003) additionally insisted the social-demographic factors, which refer to higher education levels, woke life balance, and the increase list of women and part timer in labour market, and technological factors, which refer to flexible working(a) time, turn inledge workers and computerisation of routine jobs.Because of those different situations, the professional party and textbook authors mentioned above tried to define the new boundary for the term employee relations so that it can be distinguished from the traditional industrial relations.Based on a series of interviews and surveys with gentle mental imagery practitioners and employee relations managers, CIPD defined employee relations to be a more comprehensive employment affinity than the traditional industrial relations. As CIPD indicated, employee relations emphasizes more particularly on direct communication, managing organisational change and involving and motivating staff, while ind ustrial relations is a narrower conception which just refer to the relationship between employers and joint employees (CIPD, 2005).However, the comment made by CIPD just reflected the perspective of employers. Gennard and Judge (1999) argued that comparing with the CIPDs perspective, the academic discussions require the plurality of perspective on issues and themes. Therefore, they defined employee relations as a study of managing employees both as individuals and as a embodied group, with the priority given to the individual as opposed to the collective relationship varying between companies depending on the values of their management. (Gennard and Judge, 1999)They emphasized the importance of acquiring employee relations knowledge and skills in unionised environments as well as non-union environment. In addition, they also treaded the relative balance of bargaining power between the buyers and sellers of labour services as one of the more or less important employee relations c oncepts. Similarly, Farnham (2000) also insisted that the essence of employee relations is paid employment or the counterbalance work bargain between employers and employees.As Farnham, Gennard and Judge all emphasized upon individual aspects of the employment relationship more than collective aspects, Blyton and Turnbull (1999) considered that industrial relations was included in employee relations. They summarized that the particular industrial relations is only about trade unions and strikes. On the other hand, they viewed that employee relations is not only about the collective relationships, but also about the relationship between individual employees and employers. However, the collective aspects of relationship between employees and employers are still their counselling point in the field.No depicted object how many differences these party and authors summarized between industrial relations and employee relations, there is still no world-shattering distinction between t hese two terms. As Rose summarized (2008), employee relations become more mainstream than industrial relations whitethorn be just because it is considered as a more acceptable term than industrial relations as it averts the negative undermeaning associated with industrial relations. equal Edwards argued in 1995In order to survive, industrial relations need to change its focus to employment relations, examining not just institutions but how the employment relationship operates in practice, and exploring the outcomes for efficiency and equity.To sum up, employee relations is the outcome of changing contemporaneous industrial relations influenced by many external factors such as economic environment, development of technology, political steps, etc. It refers to not only the collective aspects of relations between workforce and management, but also the individual aspects of the relationship.2.2.2 The importance of employee relations to airline industryBelobaba et al. (2009) indicate that the employee relations is particularly important in the airline industry.First of all, the fundamental reason for the substantive position of employee relations in the airline industry is its service-intensive nature. Airline industry is labour intensive industry accordingly its proportion of labour be to total costs is very high.Figure 2.1 European airline labour and fuel cost sells (%) of total operation costs 2001 to 2008Source ITAT (Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, 2010)Although the investigate made by ITAT indicates a slight decrease of labour cost from 2003 to 2008, it still in a large share of total operating costs. According to Rodrigue et al (2009), the percentage of labour cost in the operating costs of the airline industry in the world was approximately 35%, which illuminated about 75% of all non-fixed costs.Figure 2.2 Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry (2004)Source ATA Annual Report 2005 (Rodrigue et al, 2009)Second, with the high level of union repre sentation in this industry, employees can affect the performance level of airlines significantly. Those effects can be positive and also negative. For example, in adversarial employee relations environment, no matter achieve agreement or not in collective bargaining, it will result in higher costs and less operating flexibility (Gittell et al., 2004) for companies. If collective agreement can be achieved, higher wages should be paid for employees and companies layoff plan may be restricted to improve employment security of employees. If collective agreement cannot be achieved, additional costs might be leaved to companies through collective dispute such as strikes, go-slows, etc. On the other hand, employees also play important roles in adding values for companies. They can reduce companies unit costs through their coordinated and committed efforts and their productivity-enhancing ideas (Gittell et al., 2004). In addition, they can extend high quality service to customers which ca n be seen as a competitive advantage in contemporary airline industry.Therefore, the status of employee relations within airlines can significantly affect their costs, their financial performance, and the achievement of their business goals.2.2.3 New perspective of employee relations within contemporary airlines in the UKIn the UK, airline industry has a tradition of adversarial employment relations (Marchington et al., 2004). Most airlines within UK accept the existence of trade unions however, generally choose bad relationships with them. Layoffs and wages cut are usually the first strategy used to improving financial performance and averting crisis during an economic recession (Rodrigue et al, 2009).However, reducing labour costs is not the only mood to get competitive advantage and achieve better financial performance.According to Legge (1995), employee relations actually do not need to be so adversarial evening in labour intensive industries. She argued that even companies choose to be more competitive on costs, they can still achieve this aim by change magnitude the productivity of their capital assets rather than by reducing labour costs. Similarity, Batt (2000) considered that comparing with reducing labour costs, investing in better employee relations could gain a greater return.Hence, like Gittell and Bamber (2010) summarized, although reducing labour costs are the focus of an service sector companys competitive strategy, their costs can be cut big money not only by cutting wages and benefits, but also by increasing labour productivity.Management fashion in employee relations diametrical authors summarized different types of management entitles in employee relations under different systematization.2.3.1 The unitary surmise and the pluralist theoryFox (1966) identified unitary perspective and pluralist perspective based on different general interpret and direction of labour.There are three main differences between these two perspectives1. Management acceptance and recognition of trade unions2. Views about managerial prerogatives and employee participation3. The perceived legitimacy of, and reactions to, conflict at work. (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998)Hollinshead et al (2003) indicated that unitary perspective of employee relations essentially treats employee relations as a harmonious relationship between employers and employees. The unitary perspective emphasize that there is a common goal between employees and employer. This common goal can avoid the potential source of conflict and hold employees and employer together to strive for their common objectives.Because of the harmonious relationship within a unitary employee relations environment, there is no need for a third party on behalf of either employees or employers to come in in bargaining process (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Therefore, trade unions are not necessary for both employers and employees. In other words, the labour market is depicted as a natural structu re composed of an omnipotent management backed up by the state and of labour dependent on those two parties for its well- cosmos (Gospel, 1992).However, the high level of consensus between employees and employers not always exists, even it does, it is hard to be maintained. The assumption is not reasonable in most application. Employees may accept a series of organizational objectives at the very beginning, but it is unlikely to maintain the long-term cooperation of a workforce (Hollinshead et al, 2003).The failure of the assumption reflects some weaknesses of the unitary theory that is summarized by Hollinshead et al (2003). First, it ignores the existence of differing interests between employees and employers. Second, conflict between employees and employer were considered as deviance (Palmer, 1983). The only way to deal with the conflict is dismissal or the law. Third, with more developed management techniques, many practitioners indicate that ignoring employees interests could r esult in more intense conflict.Although the unitary perspective can be seen as the earliest theory used to describe employee relations, it refers to many contemporary management ideas related to corporeal culture and human resource management (Farnham and Pimlott, 1995). Hence, many employers nowadays still adopt this perspective as good business sense.Comparing with unitary theory, pluralist theory is a perspective that can more accurately reflect the employee relations within larger and more complex employment environment. The pluralist theory acknowledged that there is a limited level of conflicting interests between employees and employers, so that all parties within organization need to work together to achieve a consensus (Hollinshead et al, 2003).Like Trades Union Congress (TUC, the umbrella organisation of the trade union movement) described in a policy document published in 1997The theme of this avowal is partnership, a recognition that trade unions must not be seen as pa rt of Britains line of works. At the workplace social partnership means employers and trade unions working together to achieve common goals such as fairness and competitiveness it is recognition that, although they have different constituencies it is a recognition that although they have different interests, they can serve these go around by making common cause wherever possible. (TUC, 1997)The implication of using this analysis was, unlike unitary theory, which it drew from accounts based upon a political heritage in democratic theory that portrayed decision making as a process of reconciling the different claims made by a variety of competing groups. In other words, it acknowledged the existence of a variety of competing interest groups, but in addition it current this variety as legitimated and normal. The existence of conflict was allowed for, and to an extent encouraged.What the theory appears to offer is an account of the nature of industrial relations which achieves great er realism by reflecting the political realities of the situation at that time. This is scarce surprising when the details of that historical period are considered, along with the level of trade union activity and the incidence of industrial disputes in march at that time. Conflict was very much the norm (Bassett, 1987).Once again, the theory also established based on a series of assumptions that are hardly recognized in practice.2.3.2 The individualism and the collectivismPurcell (1987) considered that although Foxs unitary and pluralist theory had a major influence in the beginning of management style issue, the conceptions actually had a lot of limitations in practice.First, both unitary frame and pluralist frame have a number of variations. For example, both organizations those are essentially exploitive of labour and organizations those value the loyalty and commitment of employees are contained within the unitary frame, however, their management style are almost extremes. Si milarly, organizations within pluralist frame also need to be sub divided through different kinds of variations.In addition, because of their mutually exclusive feature, these two perspectives seem do not useful as a framework of management style in employee relations.Third, it is often unclear in the way the terms have been used subsequently whether they related to managements beliefs and policies toward trade unions or, in addition, cover direct relations with employees.Therefore, he identified individualism and collectivism as two dimensions of management style of employee relations.Individualism dimension refers to the extent to which the firm gives credence to the feelings and sentiments of each(prenominal) employee and seeks to develop and encourage each employees capacity and role at work. Firms which have individualistically centred policies are thus expected to emphasize employees as a resource and be meeted with developing and nurturing each persons talents and worth.Pa yment systems might emphasize merit elements and make use of appraisal and assessment techniques designed to distinguish the parting of each employee in anything from attitudes to attributes, as one firm puts it, The line managers role in managing people is likely to be emphasized, irrespective of whether the manager is in a production, sales, finance or a personnel position. Attitude surveys may well be used regularly since such organizations are keen to assess the efficacy of their policies. Communication systems are likely to be extensive and developed through a variety of media from newspapers and videos to the personal contact between the managers, the individual and small groups of employees. communism is the second dimension of management style that concerns the extent to which the organization recognizes the right of employees to have a say in those aspects of management decision-making which concern them.There are a number of ways to distinguish it from the first one. One p ossibility is to use a test of trade union recognition for the determination of pay and conditions through collective bargaining. However, this is not of itself sufficient since in so doing we make assumptions about the nature of the relationship between the firm and the union and exclude organizations where employees participate in decision-making through non-union structures. A focus on industrial democracy might be more helpful since it would allow for a variety of methods by which managers become to a greater or lesser extent accountable for their actions to employees, and where staff have some say in decision making. The only problem is that there is no agreed definition of industrial democracy.Purcell and Grays category of management styleThe category developed by Purcell and Gray in 1986 is one of the most popular typologies of management style (Torrington et al, 2008). Comparing with the typologies mentioned above, it is more comprehensive.Purcell and Gray (1986) defined fi ve types of management styles in employee relations, which are traditional style, Sophisticated human relations style, consultative style, constitutional style, and standard modern style.The traditional style considers labour as a factor of production and employee subordination is assumed to be part of the natural order of the employment relationship. Usually, trade unions are not accepted in this style. This style is mainly choose by small owner managed companies. In addition, the product market often highly competitive, emphasis on cost control. Grunwick processing laboratories Ltd, Port of Tilbury are typical case adopting this management style.The sophisticated human relations style view employees as the companys most valuable resource. Comparing with the other companies in the same industry, this kind of company usually par employees more above average pay. The aim is to inculcate employee loyalty, commitment and dependency. Companies choose this management style seek to ma ke it unnecessary or unattractive for staff to unionise. This style is usually adopted by large, American owned, single industry, financially successful organizations with a high market share in growth industries. IBM and Marks Spencer are typical cases adopting this management style.The consultative style is similar to the sophisticated human relations companies except that unions are recognised. An attempt is made to build constructive relationships with the trade unions and incorporate them into the organizational fabric. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee commitment to the firm and the need to change. This style is often adopted by British or Japanese owned single industry companies that are large and economically successful, often with a high market share. Companies with relatively low labour costs often adopt this style. Esso and Cadbury Schweppes are typical cases adopting this management style.The Constitutional style have been recognised for some time and accepted as inevitable. Employee relations policies centre on the need for stability, control and the institutionalisation of conflict. Management prerogatives are defended through highly specific collective agreements. The importance of management control is emphasised with the aim of minimising or neutralising union constraints on both operational (line) and strategic (corporate) management. This style is often adopted by single industry companies with mint candy production or large batch production requiring a large unit size of operation. Labour costs form in these companies indicates a significant proportion of total costs. The product market conditions are often highly competitive. Ford is a typical case adopting this management style.The standard modern style refers to pragmatic employee relations and trade unions are recognised within organizations. Employee relations are viewed as the responsibility of operational management. The importance at tached to employee relation policies changes in the light of circumstances. There can be marked differences of approach between establishments or divisions and between various levels of the hierarchy. This style is often adopted by conglomerate, multiproduct companies that have grown through acquisition and diversification, curiously in the engineering and heavy manufacturing industries with long traditions of unionisation. General Electrical Co., and British airways are typical cases adopting this management style.2.4 Employee elaborateness2.4.1 The importance and necessity of employee involvementIt is quite possible to run a successful business without involving employees in management activities to any meaningful extent, but the chances of prolong success are higher when employees are involved (Torrington et al, 2008). Objectives are more effectively and efficiently achieved if employees have some say in decision making, especially as it affects their own areas of work.Torrin gton and his colleagues summarized two main reasons for this phenomenon.On one hand, managers may be paid more than their staff, but that does not mean that they always know best. There is no fount of wisdom exclusive only to managers. Ultimately it is for managers to make decisions and to be held accountable, and these can be tough to make. But the chances that they will make the right decision are enhanced if they listen to the views of others and allow their own ideas to be subjected to a degree of scrutiny and constructive criticism. Moreover, involvement allows managers to tap into the ideas and suggestions of staff. The best new ideas often originate from people lower down organizational hierarchies, because they are closest to the operational coalface and often to customers.On the other hand, employees like being involved. They appreciate having their opinions listened to and acted upon, particularly in matters that directly concern their day to day activities. The chances of their being positively satisfied with their work are thus greatly change if they are genuinely able to be involved. The knock on effects include lower staff turnover, lower levels of absence, the ability to attract more recruits and higher levels of performance. The effective management of change is especially enhanced by employee involvement because people are always happier to support what they helped to create.Types of employee involvement practicesHyman and Mason (1995) identify quadruple categories of employee involvementDownward communication to individual employeesDownward communication to groups of employeesUpward communication to individual employeesUpward communication to groups of employeesDownward communication from managers to employees is used to propound and educate employees so that they are more likely to endorse management initiatives and plans.Chapter three RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionBased on Morse and handle (1995) framework from the health sciences, Creswell et al (2007) summarized five main approaches used in qualitative research, which are narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology research and participatory action research.In this dissertation, case study research methodology is used to explain how employee relations can affect the business performance of legacy airlines.background and definitionAlthough some (Stake, 2005) stated that case study research is not a methodology but only a choice of the object of study, more experts considered it as a methodology, a comprehensive research strategy, and a type of design in qualitative research (Merrian,1998 Yin, 2003 Creswell et al, 2007).According to Yin (2003), a case study is an semiempirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. Therefore, he (2003) indicated that the case study inquiry is mainly used to deal with th e technically characteristic situation in which there will be many more variables of interest than entropy points, and as one result relies on quintuple sources of evidence, with selective information needing to converge in a triangulating fashion, and as another result benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data assembling and analysis. Likewise, Creswell et al (2007) summarized that case study research isa qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and documents and reports) and reports a case description and case-based themes.3.3 Variants of case study researchQualitative case studies may be distinguished by the intent of case analysis. Three variations that exist in terms of the intent- the single instrumental case study, the collective or multiple-case study and the intrinsic case study (Creswell et al, 2007). In a single case-study the focus is on one issue or concern and a bounded case is selected to illustrate this issue (Stake, 1995). In a collective or multiple-case study, the focus is one issue but multiple cases are selected to illustrate this issue. Multiple case design uses the logic of replication as the procedures a re replicated for each case (Yin, 2003). Qualitative research workers are reluctant to generalise from one case to another as the contexts of the cases differ. However, to generalize, representative cases should be selected (Creswell et al, 2007). In an intrinsic case study, the focus is on the case itself e.g. studying a savant having a difficulty (Stake, 1995).This paper examines the nature of employee relations (issue or concern) taking the example of an organization- British Airways PLC (case). Therefore it is a single instrumental case study. It explains how theories of employee relations have been applied in practice.3.4 Case study techniquesMany researchers such as Simons (1980), Yin (1984) and Stake (1995) have written about case study research and suggested techniques for conducting this research. They proposed the following steps- determine the research question, select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniques, preparation and collection of data in the field, evaluate and break down the data and prepare the report. I have followed these steps during my research.3.3.1 Determining the research questionTo arrive at the research question a research focus has to be established along with a research object. In this research, the main focus is on managing employee relations in organizations. The research object can be a program, entity, a person or a group of person (Soy, 1997). Here, the research object is an organization (entity).In this study, I am primarily evoke in determining how employee relations is dealt with in org anizations. First, I have conducted a literature review that provides information on employee relations and helps to define the following questionsThe employee relations status in British Airways, andHow to deal with poor employee relations?3.3.2 Select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniquesThere are a number of organizations in the UK suffering from poor employee relations. One of these is the British Airways PLC (Grugulis and Wilkinson, 2002). British Airways is now getting bogged down in collective disputes from its employees.Foreman (1948) suggested three roomy categories of data gathering techniques.First, personal documents includes all record yielding information concerning the pattern or functioning of the researchers own personal or social life. It may reflect a social situation to which the author is responsive to or his/her own behaviour (Foreman, 1948).Second, participation observation records includes all chronicles prepared by the analysts follo wing assumption for purpose of investigation of member roles in the unit studied (Foreman, 1948).Third, person reports includes all forms written by persons not directly participating in or identified with, but seeking to organize or to interpret the experiences or history of some personal, group, class, ecological, or cultural unit (Foreman, 1948)3.3.3 Preparation and collection of DataA case study research requires large amount of data from multiple sources. Systematic organization of data is important to prevent the researcher from becoming overwhelmed by the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research purpose and questions (Soy, 1997). Databases have to be prepared to assist with categorizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving data for analysis.It is essential to note down key problems and events, identify key people and revise the research design to address and add to the original set of res