ORGANISATIONS AND BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ORGANISATIONS AND BEHAVIOUR - Essay ExampleIt explains why human inevitably change with time but not how. These theories help the managers to understand the specific factors that would motivate the employee to perform better. capacitance Theories includesThis theory indicates a hierarchy of human needs where satisfaction of lower level need motivates someone to achieve higher-level need (Thompson, 1996, pp.10). The hierarchy includes following needsThis theory state that managers believe in every Theory X that employees dis kindred work and tend to avoid it or in Theory Y that employees appreciate work and are self motivated (Goldsmith School of Business, n.d).Herzberg, in his two-factor theory described hygiene factors as the factors which do not motivate employees for better performance at work however, their absence croupe lead to dissatisfaction from the work. In the hygiene factor, he placed factors like pay, job satisfaction, work environment and party policies (Thompson, 1996, p.13-14).It would be correct to consider pay as the most important of hygiene factor. An individual whole kit and caboodle to earn a living and finance his needs so money is the main aim foundation an individual job. Among the entire hygiene factors, all are negotiable for an individual besides his pay. Usually, an individual in need of money would not mind working in an unstable work environment without any(prenominal) job satisfaction if the money is right for him. However, it varies with the individual, as an individual who works with the perspective to learn like an internee would place more importance to job satisfaction then pay. Therefore, importance of factors is variable with the individual concerned but generally, pay is the most important hygiene factor.Pay is definitely an important tool for managers to change magnitude motivation however it is a very short-term tool and does not guarantee long-term motivation. This is because with

How Walmart as a brand uses social media, newsletters, and online Term Paper - 2

How Walmart as a brand uses social media, newsletters, and online selling propositions in persuading their customers - precondition Paper ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that in contemporary business indoors the globalized world, effective marketing is inevitable. Most successful companies employ proper use of internet marketing to look for and maintain market share within the globalized world. For instance, large companies use Internet marketing in advertise their products and services to the entire world market. Internet marketing is a fundamental form of promoting and selling products to consumers. Firms development the internet as a marketing tool can collect information from consumers that help in improving their product and services. Moreover, the cost of production is lowered and managing competition becomes easy. It is crucial for a brand to suffer a unique social media strategy in persuading consumers. Using the main networks, the brands can focus on the interests of the customers and make decisions on improving quality of products and services. Wal-Mart brand uses Facebook as a social media platform for marketing. Consequently, the friendship has developed the various timeline and web pages for customers to join. Facebook pages kick the company to interact directly with customers hence attracting many customers. Moreover, Facebook pages allow Walmart to launch new products to customers and provide guidelines on how to use the products. Furthermore, Walmart provides pictures of the products which help in winning customers loyalty and build brand image. Positive comments and many likes in the updates posted by Walmart further advertise the products to many opposite web users. In addition, Walmart uses manyTwitter handles to post products, discussing emerging issues on the products and answering customers requests.

Philosophy, Politics and Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy, Politics and Economy - Term Paper ExampleThis happened immediately afterwards the culmination of the civil war. The magnification reached its peak during the civil rights era in which the authoritiess presence was entirely over the country. Indeed, the activities during the civil rights movement contributed to the expansion of the federal official authority. The presidential term bodies established have brought governance closer. Consequently, the federal government has an autonomous presence in the entire country. This piece focuses on the growth of the federal government as seen in the period characterizing the civil era. Federal government expansion Political structures President Abraham capital of Nebraska spearheaded the expansion of the American authority by signing into law acts that supported the expansion of a representative government. According to Holcombe (2002), the amendments to the constitution expanded the governments presence thus, an alteration to the political structure in America. Introduction of tax incomeation by the federal government propellight-emitting diode the growth of the federal authority during the progressive era. The income tax enhanced the governments capability to control expenditure. This was a way of expanding the federal government surface to cushion the citizens against political uncertainties. Lincoln initially advocated for a strong government that had the rice beer of people at heart. The expansion of the Congress to its current size is attributable to the laws initiated by Lincoln after the civil war. The irresponsible Court has also witnessed an expansion in its activities throughout the States. According to the civil rights activist, the government is the defendant of the rights of citizens. As such, the activists advocated for the expansion of authority during the civil rights era (Holcombe, 2002). The activists expected the government to secure their rights in their quest for arbitrator in A merica. Their activities led to the ratifications that allowed the government to spearheaded most of democratic processes in the country. Some quarters of the population praised the expansion of the judicial authorities. The civil rights era altered the entire political structure of the American government. The political set was changed to conform to the wishes of the majority. The people advocated for the expansion of government through establishment of bodies that championed their rights. However, the expansion of the federal government has compromised on accountability by the authorities. Interestingly, the establishment of the Electoral College in the United States has contributed to the expansion of authority. Social structures Liberalization of laws after the civil war led to the establishment of Unions. The government catered for such groups by paying for their pensions. This guided the interest groups that were to follow the war veterans unions (Boyer, 2006). It was the hal lmark of the establishment of groups and federal programs in the society. For instance, the enactment of Sherman antitrust act led to the growth of the federal government. More regulatory laws were introduced in the civil era that affects the relationship among individuals. To some extent, government has control on the social structures on the society using bodies such as environment bulwark agency. Federal Trade Commission and the Food, and Drug Administration were the bodies created following the world war era by

Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge Essay

Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge - Essay ExampleAs the discussion highlights one of the leading corporations in UK is Tesco, and Tesco has been dominating the retail sector for decades. The key drivers of achieving the level of mastery for the retail giant are based on its excellent operational philosophy that is among the core competencies of the company. In order to ensure appropriate coordination among the widespread outlets of Tesco, the store managers have to monitor the operational needs at every outlet so that the customers are provided with an amazing shopping experience. The store managers and customers are the main stakeholders of the face who are an important part of its business efficiency.This paper stresses thatthe store manager is the person who has the requirement of having diligent access to the latest information about the market trends and the satisfaction level of customers with the stores products and utility offerings. The store manager als o needs to ensure that alone the work procedures are communicated in a clear and an unbiased manner to all the sales staff of the store. Presently, Tesco has availed the system development offering of lake herring and has implemented an entire network of IT system in accordance to the demands of the firm. The system is updated frequently by IT experts and all the information is collected and stored in the database. The managers may constantly need to review the data to make varied types of decision for the store and hence this system is very useful for the managers in retrieving immediate information.

A Look at Japanese Scroll Paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Look at Japanese Scroll Paintings - Essay ExampleThe essay A Look at Japanese Scroll Paintings analyzes Japanese Scroll Paintings. There are a number of great catalogue samaraings to note. One of them is Tosa Mitsuoki, who lived between 1617 and 1691. He was the sun of Tosa Mitsunori, also a painter as this family was a recollective line of Japanese impostureists, dating back to 1434. In earlier works, there was large use of traditionalistic Japanse style, the yamato-e. It was Tosa Mitsuoki who used a bit of realism in his art, used little gold. He also tended to paint scenes that were not typically painted, scenes not portrayed before he painted them. Comparing past art in the Tosa family to the subsequently ones, you can tell that the styles are different. The older paintings were more crowded, with more fantasy elements. The later ones showed realistic scenes, less gold. They all concord the typical Japanese style, with paint covering every in of chronicle in slightly areas. In a particular painting, there are rich colorize, inside tuition and in the style, says the source, of a Tosa school. Gold painted as clouds and mist frame most of the scenes. Most of the colors are flat, kind of a contrast to the gold that surrounds it. The many people in the scenes have immense flowing robes folding over very heavy set looking at people, people of money I presume. And their faces dramatically portrayed in each scene to reveal their emotions up front. Most of the images let you follow through inside the buildings so you can see what is going on inside and what is going on out-of-door at the same time. For example, one has the Prince Genji in a boat coming up a river, objet dart a daughter in a palace is looking outside. You can see her looking crop up into the boat. The scroll paintings have a mix of different styles thought the centuries. Each one has some painting, some have Japanese calligraphy, noted that it states which scene the artists were f ocused on at that time. Some did not have calligraphy, as did the 17th century artists often did not. Not so many had a named artist either. The schoolmaster tale was painted in a set of closely fifty-four chapters. For each chapter, the artists took on about two paintings per chapter. It is said from various sources that there were over a hundred paintings in the original scroll of art for The Tale of Genji. Each painting within the original scrolls was a little over xvii inches long. The remainder of the collection that has survived until today is displayed at the Gotoh Museum in Tokyo and with other foundations. Looking at some(prenominal) of these earlier scrolls and comparing them to the later scrolls painted by artists, the simplicity of the artists use is sort of a admonisher of anime art today. This style is represented in the simple dashes for eyes and hooks for noses, as draw in the style that is hikime-kagihana. While simple in style, it was clear that the artists ha d a very high knowledge of the style of tsukurie, what they mentioned as manufactured painting. One thing that did remain thorough out the centuries was the ability of looking into the life of those within the buildings. You will see people laying out tatami mats for sleeping or fetching care of daily activities or holding court. The Tale of Genji does reveal a story, though it also reveals information about what goes on in the homes and life of the Japanese court. The stories about Prince Genji and the life of the courts and the princes antics are very abundantly

Data design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data end - Essay Examplesequences that are to be integrated into the system should be turned into separate sequences in order to ease the procedure of processing schooling (Terry Halpin, Tony Morgan, Morgan Kaufmann Information Modeling and relational Databases, Second Edition, troop 2008. page 134).c. Feedback The system should have the capability to provide feedback which is articulate, informative and semantically correct. This will ensure that the information displayed on the partr and the client side is reliable and correctly understood (Terry Halpin, Tony Morgan, Morgan Kaufmann Information Modeling and Relational Databases, Second Edition, March 2008 page. 136).d. System messages The system should be able to provide user centered messages comparable error messages. (Terry Halpin, Tony Morgan, Morgan Kaufmann Information Modeling and Relational Databases, Second Edition, March 2008 page 139). The system should also evacuate using threatening messages or alarming messages. e. Display The display between screens should be consistent and moldiness show some degree of inertia. Unnecessary information should be avoided since they will be of no use and the interface should use easily recognizable icons. (Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant Navathe, Addison-Wesley Fundamentals of Database Systems (6th Edition), April 2010. Page

Chemical Substances Fungicides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

chemical substance Substances Fungicides - Essay ExampleAs the paper highlights fungicides work include the following there be particularized fungicides that impairs synthesis of the genetic material in fungi thus avoiding synthesis of major fungi constituents that ar necessary for life, enzyme and other cell components are not produced and eventually the cells die .Another group of fungi are known hinder electron transport system which is essential for the physiological function of the fungi the like the oxidative phosphorilation, an important process in respiration. Inhibition of protein synthesis is to a fault a way in which fungicides arrest the fungal growth, this indicates that it stops the all important processes of transcription and translation hence death results. tissue layer synthesis can also affected making the fungi cells vulnerable to the process of osmosis that is, the selective personality of the membrane ceases and the cells suffers lysis.Mitosis and cell divis ion of the fungi can also be affected leading to no propagation of the pathogens, this leads to reduction of the fungi population, in this case the propagative spores are affected. Some fungicides meet multisite establish they affect almost all parts of the fungi including the mycelium that are used by the fungi to puff materials for their use, water being an example. From this study it is clear that even though the use of fungicides has become popular in increasing crop production in terms of quantity and quality, it should be clearly noted that when consumed, they have a devastating effect on human some chemicals used to make the fungicides are carcinogenic and can induce chaotic division of cells resulting into tumours.They are also toxic and can lead to inveterate or acute poisoning depending on the lethal dose of the fungicides. Long time exposures to the chemicals have also been known to cause sterility.

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach Research Paper

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach - Research Paper Example ar known to have a history of coordinated aid agreements and function mutually, some regions ar characterized with distinct partners coming together in the context of federal official homeland security arrangements in assure to startle effective planning. This piece of music examines the issues of regional planning, preparation and responses approaches in the context of their economic, social and legal impacts. In addition, the paper will incorporate the role of the Saint Leo University core value of Community as it relates to topical anesthetic response to dismayism such as, mutual aid agreements, regionalization approaches, multi-jurisdictional training or exercises, cross-discipline training or exercises, practical communications, etc. Body Regionalization or regional coordination relates to using government resources in harmonizing ways in order to achieve objectives that are mutually a greed amongst different stake holders in the condition region. Regionalization also helps in overcoming the disjointed characteristics of federal systems and grants as provided to states and other local bodies. Coordination is successful through vertical processes amongst local, state and federal government as also through horizontal processes in different regions. Resources can be efficiently aligned to achieve security in communities, but this often requires considerable planning within the given judicial jurisdictions. The neighboring jurisdiction can be impacted by urgent situations in many possible ways, such as through implementing mutual aid agreements and the acceptance of evacuated citizens. After the September 2001 terror attacks, the US has strengthened efforts and initiatives towards improving the programs established to safeguard the safety, health and welfare of people and community during... The termination of regionalization after the beginning of the Cold War led to the creation of enhanced opportunities for nation states as intimately as state sponsored entities to adopt asymmetrical strategies of attacking stronger opponents such as the US. Although value systems of terror organizations and terrorists bear upon to overcoming the stronger enemy or to force it to abandon its initiatives in regional conflicts, the main objective of terrorists is to use in operation(p) methods to achieve a combination of such objectives. Nevertheless, terrorism is designed in evoking responses from the government of the targeted nation or society in efforts to force it to alter its external policies. Federal initiatives in the US have for the most part focused on regionally integrated approaches to provide the needed services to citizens. This aspect is very serious in the area of national security because there is an urgent need to address the threat of terror attacks in order to effectively manage the usage of federal security funding. It has become app arent that regional strategies in this regard have helped in ensuring that such funding is spent in coordinated and antonymous ways in targeting the evident security gaps. Regionalization plans have targeted emergency readiness while other areas are characterized with a number of broad aspects that are encouraged by the federal government, mostly through the scheming of regional strategies and allocation of funding to states.

Ideal Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideal Leader - Essay ExampleThey conduct a tendency to learn fast from their mistakes and take different actions to produce different results. Common people keep on repeating the same action expecting a different result.stick to the tried and easy-tried formulas even if they think that something else might work better. Society has a tendency to follow the age centenarian practices and rules without really thinking about their results. Even if they think that the things sledding on are wrong and unfair, they do not have guts to raise their voice against it and take responsibility for that. They fear the repercussions of going against the authority. leading take the decisions on the behalf of all the people who he is leading. When leaders take a decision, they are well aware of the fact that their decisions are going to affect the lives of all the people who they are leading. This is a gigantic responsibility to bear. However, they are not scared of shouldering this responsibi lity (Fairholm 2000. p. 66).Society if full of people who follow the rules, thinking patterns and social practices that are set from ages together. They hardly question the injustice and the bias towards people of particular cultural background. Raising a voice against the social injustice means going against the ancestors and the authority that supports those rules. It is like going against the orthodox religious practices and government rules. This could mean punishment, criticism from the authoritative figures and isolation by the society. However, leaders are not afraid of it. They know what they are doing is right and no threat can suppress them from pickings the action against it. People who dare to talk against the traditional practices are often alone in their move around

Issues in homeland security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Issues in homeland security - Essay ExampleThe important reason why the evaluation exercise should have a broader social utility is that social and psychological factors play a major role in the organizations scope duty. The societys confidence in the security management is for instance essential to how people may respond to threats and tear down cooperate in mitigating involved risks from occurrence of a calamity. As a result, the leader evaluation should invest qualities that can psychologically influence confidence in the institutions ability to undertake its mandate. developing such confidence, even in the absence of a calamity, has the potential to promote management in events of risks occurrence (Lemyre, 2007). Evaluation of homeland security leader should also include a broader social utility because this establishes a sense of ownership of the homeland securitys mandate by the society, a fact that promotes cooperation. set and developed awareness of social utility factor s among the agencys leadership will therefore drive on achievement of homeland securitys objectives (Sui, 2008).Lemyre, L. (2007). Psychosocial risk assessment and management for CBRN terrorism A orime tool. sympathetic Security Bulletin. Retrieved from

Death Script pertaining to chronic illness Assignment

Death Script pertaining to chronic illness - Assignment modellingAs I became immersed in my reverie I imagined my husband and my aim at my side when the touch gave me the dreaded news that I had leukemia. I saw myself not being able to respond at all to what the doctor was telling us. My mothers silent sniffle seemed distant and unreal and I couldnt bring myself to see my husband. The news of death shocked me to the extent that I kind of forgot my purlieu and the good deal I loved so dearly. Its almost as though that moment was dumb just for me. A hope still lingered at the back of my mind that my physician may be mistaken, that the possibility of finding cure elsewhere would be worth making the effort for.I well- tried to comfort myself with the thought that I wasnt the only one dying. After all people hand out every day, every second even and its just a reality check that everyone has to precipitate to terms with (CDC 2009). I suppose Im better off than a lot of people wh o die at such a young age having not even started their lives. I tried to rationalize the news of my death by considering the fact that middle aged women are most flat to die if they have leukemia (Emedtv n.d). I comfort myself with the thought that at least I gave birth to quintet beautiful children and I got to raise them to be good human beings. I got the opportunity to bond with a man who fa in that locationd my children and made me feel special in so many ways.Still the agony, the betrayal of sustenance itself and the fear of not knowing what lay ahead of me gave me a sinking feeling, sucking out all my happiness in an instant. As days passed by it felt like I was already dead. My mother was constantly at my side and as much as my husband wanted to be there someone had to stay home to take care of my children and tend to worldly affairs. My mother would try to disorder me to take my mind off of my illness but I knew that it was all she could think about too. I wished I coul d spend

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Writers choice - Essay ExampleAdditionally, some metres acts as a little mirror. According to Land, Michael and Dan-Eric, the iris serves as a reflector for the animals because light go on the eye and it is reflected spontaneously (45). In this regard, some animals reflect green light. The reddish seemance of the eye among people is called red-eye effect. Such effect is associated with the capturing of light, which is reflected from retina. The problem is resolvable through various ways. Light rays normally permeate through the corns of n eye in order to focus clearly on the retina. This causes the light-detecting cells, which atomic number 18 at the back of the eye to responds according. Consequently, the eye retina converts the light rays into electronic pulses, which are able to align with the theoptic nerve. This enhances the cosmea of visuals images. According to Russell, the process of reddening of the eyes is subject to the constriction of the eyes (78). The constriction of the eyes is subject to time and the flash of light overwhelms the retina. The speed of light reflection is high and causes the impact of the red eye-effect. Moreover, the eyes appear red after a flash of light because of the high supply of choroid in blood. choroid is layer of connective tissues, which occur at the back of the eye (Rakoczy 65). The purpose of the layer is to nourish the retina. The otherwise purpose of the choroid layer is to maintain the red color of the normal eye. It is possible to prevent the red-eye effect. People should not look at a camera with their naked eyes. There is needed to ask the room of snapping brighter than normal. The setting of the camera must be adjusted. For instance, the anti-red eye effect function must be adjusted. Technology has played a major role in enhancing the reduction of the red-eye effect. Modern cameras are sophisticated because they have adequate customizations. For instance, the modern cameras have

OSHA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

OSHA - Essay ExampleI would gain the necessity knowledge and fully record how it applies to the business industry I am in. More so, I would, absolutely, domiciliate the necessary training to both employees that appearance everyone is on the same page. If everyone is clear in what is necessary, expected, and why it is important then, very likely, the business would cash in ones chips efficiently, effectively, and safely.Regardless of the industry your business falls under, agricultural, construction, health cargon, mining or manufacturing, there are acquirable resources for understanding and implementing the proper health and safety requirements for your business. The most important element to making certain that the necessary OSHA requirements are being met is through guaranteeing that the safety and health policies within the company are enforced large business, in particular may not be aware that their managers, supervisors, and employees are not following or enforcing the requirements. This can become a problem because OSHA can appear for an impromptu inspection no prior(prenominal) warning is required. For this reason, I think I would be very vigilant and actively involved in making certain that all rules and procedures are being followed. Also, although I am not a yellowish brown of a snitch mentality among the workers, I would make certain that there were safe and anonymous way for anyone who witnesses serious negligence in regards to safety or its policies the anonymity give prevent fear of requital and give the business the opportunity to step into the situation and fix the problems. I think that if I provide the training, lead by example, and follow all procedures then the business I am responsible for will remain OSHA friendly.OSHA is an organization filled with the research, hard work, and effort of thousands of Safety Professionals.(Industry-Specific Resource OSHA 1) The safety professions, in simplest terms, are those

Demon Lover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demon Lover - Essay ExampleThe aura of this tommyrot is mental because the inexplicable letter is a physical element with mental and emotional implications. We all become demons the skeletons in Mrs. herdsmans clo dictated in this story happen to be real. The man Mrs. drover was intended to marry, forwards he was sent to war told her he did not know how long he would be gone, exclusively she had nothing to do to await his return. Months after his departure he is reported missing, presumably killed. For years she goes ignored and un-admired by men. When her mother and sister fear she is past all hope, at 32 she secures the professions of William Drover. They marry and have three children. Her fianc is the incarnate ghost of her past which has been haunting her since she attempted to her live her life after his disappearance. She struggles with the circumstance that she doesnt know why she agreed to marry a man who was not kind to her. She lull sees it as a suspension she wa s in and was not able to get out of. Something that still haunts her and makes her commend of him, whether as a threat or as a person she left or could not wait for. She may feel guilt but it may be at her own actions. criminality of feeling emotion for a man who did not treat her the way she wanted to be treated. When Mrs. Drover is described in her house, a house boarded-up and damaged by war, its painting for the reader an determine of her life as affected by her long-lost fianc like her house, shes damaged though emotionally, and boarded up and abandoned. She as well described as living in the country-side, away from the house and with her new family. If one were to see the story this way, we could also see her in the house presently to clean out the remnants of her feelings for her fiance, or to begin the last battle to get him out of her mind. This is supported by the description of the weather as were introduced to the run-down house overcast, as if preparing to storm a nd later, we hear rain. This description has nothing to do on her doubts of her fiances disappearance it just helps describe her journey in a clear way, though on her, a physical sign of her war is seen through a nervous twitch of her mouth. We should realize the fact that psychological stories such as this one ar made for the reader, so we need to pay attention to the fact that Elizabeth Bowen is trying to direct our minds down certain path, especially when introducing us to the house. She is trying to set a fashion that is bleak, sinister and warning of something darker being imminent. The neighborhood being described as war-torn makes the area wait tormented, Against the next batch of clouds, already piling up ink-dark, broken chimneys and parapets stood out (Bowen, 1). This mood is also set by the weather in the beginning of the story where Bowen is trying to build an atmosphere of tension. This story is psychological because Mrs. Drovers evils are either a figment of her ima gination, or theyre products of her ex-fiances threats, which are both physical and emotional. The letter she finds in her house is the first example of a physical threat, whether it is from him or not, she perceives the letter to be a threat in the way that the writer makes this whole story affect the reader through controlled vagueness which causes the imagination of the recipient run wild and cause damage. The other physical reminder of her lover is the scar on her hand from

Discussion 2 Week 5 Market Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

give-and-take 2 Week 5 Market Research - Assignment ExampleFor instance, a government agency, CDC excogitations to buy a medical equipment which would address health needs of a population at risk in a certain state. As such, it is in the most appropriate capacity, in terms of knowledge, resources, and skills to discern the crush research methodology to use in justifying that purchasing the equipment would benefit the identified population and achieve health standards and goals of the federal government.2. Analyze the importance and explain the value of a market research plan in the eruditeness and distribution of supplies and services. Support your position with examples. Explain which aspect of the market research plan is plausibly to be the most valuable for those seeking to acquire a company.A market research plan enables the government agency to identify in a more in-depth presentation and structure, their needs in the acquisition and distribution of supplies and services as well as the manner within which these identified needs ar to be satisfied through the results generated from the research. As emphasized, agencies use the results of market research to determine if sources are in stock(predicate) to meet their needs, especially any sources providing commercial or nondevelopmental items (OConnor, 2007, p. 174). The market research plan is revealed to have no prescribed format but should contain, at least, the following aspectsexplanation of the acquisitions background and nominate description of the agencys minimum needs, in terms of function and performance desired plan of delivery sway of small business and other sources who were contacted, including the methodology used for compiling and refining the list of potential vendors discussion of customary commercial practices identification of price ranges discovered and a description of available commercial or nondevelopmental items (U.S. Small

Individual Study Guide Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Essay Example for Free

Individual Study Guide Using perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary EssayComplete the computer simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website.Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you address the spare-time activity for each of the three study phases in the simulationThe situationYour recommended solutions, including whereforeYour resultsSummarize the different selling components addressed in this simulation by answering the following questionsWhat is the relationship between differentiation and perspective of products or services? Is the dislodge of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? inform why or why not. What is the raise of the product life bicycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation?Format your root consistent with APA guidelines.Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website.Write a 1,050- t o 1,450-word summary in which you address the following for each of the three major phases in the simulationThe situationYour recommended solutions, including whyYour resultsSummarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation byanswering the following questionsWhat is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services? Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation?Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Supermarket database-computer coursework Essay Example for Free

Supermarket database-computer coursework try outIntroduction There argon many supermarkets around us, but there do you know how it works. In this coursework. , we exit anyalsis the problem of the old supermarket dust and how to solve this problem. Besides, in this coursework, it will introduce a juvenile supermarket system, introduce its advantage, how to set up, how to use it and what is its advantages.Old supermarket system Disadvantage piles of papers are utilize to slide by the records it is hard to back up the records, if you really do so, the cost of the ink and the papers raft make you bankrupt the payments are calculated by men, if your mathematics is poor, you will bankrupt again you exigency to spend nights after nights to turn the pages by your lapses in order to search the data of the customers and supplier snail mail is used, which means time and m adepty is wasted your customers apprisenot immediately get the close to update news of your product, simply the million-dollar contract will fly to other companies the piles of paper wont move you when your product is expired, you need to search through the papers it is not easy to comunicate to your branch stores. Many workers are indispensable to check the store Solution of the problem To solve the problem in the old supermarket system,setup up a database system that would control local store inventory, and cover the ordering of stock from the customers. Advantages of the new system Digital record is used. Millions of information are stored in a 6-inch hard-dish.The records back end be backed up inside a DVD or a hard dish drive. the payments are calculated by computer, which decreases the human illusion In order to search the data of the customers and supplier, you simply need to type the name, or tel. number. email is used, your customers can get the most update news of your product, at once the computer will remind you when your product is expired, so you can make preparations yo u can communicate the computer form one branch store to another.Information can be transferred immediately computer can do most of the jobs. Less workers are employed Old system Computer system Space needed to keep the records more Much less Back up Very difficult Very easy error High possibility Low possibility Search data Very complicated Very well-off mail S unkept and expensive Quick and free Check expired stock By hand automatically Communication Slow and in satisfied Quick and easy Number of employees more less prerequisite of the system.It is consider that the supermarket has original system which has only one computer with the pursuance equirement. Working system Windows 2000, bar edition Processor Pentium III 733Mhz, labour 256MB recommended fight off space 20GB Video 32MB shared ram In order to reach the requirement of the new system, the computers need to replace new ones and connected as the following instructions. Requirement of the server. Working system Windows server 2003, standard edition Processor Pentium 4 3. 0Ghz, 550+ MHz recommended RAM 1024MB/1G recommended Drive space 250GB Video 128MB shared ram or better This computer is highly security.It needed the voice check and the password of the three highest manager to coarse the report of the profit and also to open the economy condition of the supermarket. Besides, the server is connected to a internet server with domain name. This is because this can convenient the customers to shopping or order products from the internet. Requirement of the other computers The other four computres is used to save data. They should receive the following requirement. Working system Windows XP, Professional Processor Pentium 4 3. 0Ghz, 550+ MHz recommended RAM 512 MB recommended Drive space 80 GB Video 128MB shared ram or better.Software of the programme The supermarket can use Microsoft Access or Visual raw material The advantages of using MS Access are It is a relational database, which makes the data management easier. It integrates easily with other Microsoft packages such as Word and Excel. It is inexpensive. It is a malleable product that cab be used for all physiques of databases. It can be used to build bulky database applications. All the information is held in one place and the information only needs to be updated once. It can retrieve and update information quickly and easily. Reports, standard letters can be easily produced. funding and archiving is easy. The disadvantages of using MS Access are It lacks in high volume capacity. It is limited to a low transaction rate. It can bring down the entire servers if it is not used properly. The advantages of using Visual Basic are It provides a user-friendly interface. The modular structure in visual basic program helps the software engineer to develop a large program without knowing all the variables and their relationships. It is provided by an integrate development environment that helps the programmer in debugging syntax errors. The disadvantages of using Visual Basic areIt is limited in the kind of application that visual basic can code.

Dubliners & stories Essay Example for Free

capital of Irelanders stories Essay crowd together Joyces book, Dubliners offers a variety of stories about the city of Dublin. James wrote the collection of dead fifteen stories where from each one story adds to the interrogateful completion of the book. Each story was so different from the previous and it was very fire to film various tales that took place in Dublin where each of the stories were kept interested and designatey to read the abutting succinct circuit story about a great adore for the kingdom and you could easily verify the disappointment the writer held for several(prenominal) of the province people and the way they lived. I found myself glued to the pages musical composition reading most of the stories and I would be eager to get to the next short story, and occasionally the next wasnt quite as good, but I continued in my reading and I was neer fully disappointed. Some of the stories were better than others, but as a whole, I would have to say th at the book, Dublin was well worth the extra time I spent reading it, and I would recommend that others read the book, as well.Reading Joyces book is a wonderful way of hearing about the country of Dublin and viewing how people live in the country. It was interesting to tour the country using a mental image that guided me along with Joyces words. Joyce used impressive and descriptive words to puff the surroundings in Dublin, such as glow of a late autumn sunset which gave me a feeling of serenity and full color description. Joyce used the color gold more than once in her writing, which I assumed was a color that she closely associated with the country of Dublin.In one of Joyces short stories, I found it very interesting when she told about Gallaher, from the title, A Little Cloud and told about the cosmos returning from London and she had a way of clearly describing the man as dirty and dear. Gallaher brought interesting catch fire to the short stories because he was subject t o bring in a different perspective of Dublin, because he wasnt one that resided in the country. Joyce, in my opinion, possessed a complete and hate relationship with Dublin.The author would propound stories of the country which left(p) you feeling as if you never wanted to go there, but would then he would leave you feeling as if you had a deep respect for the country and the people who lived there. In the short story, The Dead Joyce talks about a marriage that was all wrong and failed because the relationship was full of craft and lies. The secrets destroyed the marriage, but at the same time, I alike(p)d and appreciated how the author was still able to show the love that was in the failing relationship.Joyce was able to teach me that its okay to still love someone, even though there are problems. I was able to see that you can still love someone, even though they are not perfect. The story made me think of unconditional love. In some of the stories, the author was able to com e across strongly when she told about alcoholism and how it effected the lives of those who lived in Dublin. I was also able to feel sorry for the poor residents. It was sad how some of the Dublin citizens tried to explode the country only to end up in prison.It took some of the hope away that you had previously wished for and left a stagnant impression of Dublin. In the story, Mother, I found that it was depression that was the main radical of and I found it to be, less than entertaining. It was interesting to see how the author was able to move the story from ones young to that of an adult. The author brought the words of the stories with anger at times and then gentleness with others. Joyce was able to display twain good and bad emotions, from love to hate, and from depression to hope.The young characters in the story made me want to die out to them. They seemed to be starving for affection and looked so helplessly for a means to escape from the country of Dublin. It was sad to see that hope diminish with the turning of the pages and watch as the young characters grew up to be defeated in their possibilities of escaping. The author spoke with an artistic ability with the words he chose for the story. He spoke in rhythm and it was easy to follow his writing.He had a remarkable way of describing the characters in his short stories and a means to help me closely identify with the characters. His eyes burned with anguish and anger was a line at the end of one story that was more frightening than entertaining. The author spoke roundly about what he was saying I could clearly see the rage in the eyes of the person. The character, Farrington is such an angry individual in the story Counterparts and you can sense a hatred in his character. You had to wonder if Dublin brought out the worst in everybody.Dublin is a country that I see as oppressed through the authors writing and I dont feel that Id admire visiting the country, in fear that some of the anger and depression may rub off on me. I sense too much struggle in the daily lives of Dubliners, some which manage to belong with some hope and other characters that I just saw no hope for their eventual happiness. Joyce seemed frigid and agitated in his writing when he talked about Dublin as if he had some suit of hate for the country.But, in the end you have to ask yourself if he really did hate the place as much as he tried to make you believe he did. His writing was extremely inventive and interesting and Im happy that I read each of the short stories because I did learn so much the people who lived in Dublin. Their lives seemed so dull and full of despair which reminded be how rosy I am to be able to live in a great country like The United States of America. The author very successful at opening up my imagination and I snarl like I was in Dublin with the characters.I would have like to been capable of intervening for more of the characters, which is why I feel that Dubliner was a book that made me feel and react with several emotions. Dubliners by James Joyce is a story that I give always remember, but not with fondness. I will never forget the characters or the country of Dublin. I didnt realize how old the book very was, and I found it very impressive to read about the stories of Dublin in the early years. Joyce, James, 1914, Dubliners Penguin stem

Pollution affects the health of all living thing. Essay Example for Free

Pollution affects the health of all nutriment thing. EssayMany peoples, animals and builds depend on water for survival of life but because of water defilement all living things must generate or give out from the effects caused by water pollution. Man is busy inventing new things every daytime and the consequences of these inventions affect the land, air and stream and causes water pollution. Some of the causes of water pollution are industries trying to converge the need of consumers by inventing new products and creating jobs for people. Another cause of water pollution is the chemicals that people use on their lawns and gardens. Water pollution hind end also be caused by land movement, avalanche and erosion from the weather. animate being also causes water pollution but they are unaware that they are actually causing pollution to the stream, rivers and lakes. The effects of water pollution in our stream, lakes and ocean have a huge impact on the living creatures that uses the water for their habitat. When the beaches and lake are polluted, tourists do not spend time to visit there, animals also die from consuming garbage. Another effect of water pollution is the cause of an oil spill in the ocean which has a huge impact on the living creatures and wild life that uses the polluted water. It is important for exclusive living in this planet to prevent water pollution. The planet is very precious for all it living thing. nation have to use the planet resources carefully, and prevent water pollution to it streams, lakes and rivers. We all share this plant it earth, air, land and water. When one of these characters of the planet is affected it also affects another. peerless can use water People can purchase items that they need and not want. They can reuse and recycle items that are useable. One can use organic material in their gardens and lawns. Farmers can reduce the use of chemical in their crops. One can walk, bike or use transit to get around . Individual should not put sediments, nutrients, toxic chemicals, pathogens in water. These are some of the thing people can do to prevent water pollution.

Vaccination debate Essay Example for Free

inoculation debate EssayPeople ought to have a right non to vaccinate their kids, even if refusal to do so puts ones own kids at risk, along with other wads children. Do you agree? nestlinghood immunisation must be one of the nearly significant normal wellness advances in medical history. Thanks to vaccinums, children and teens that have been immunised would not have to experience the abhorrent epidemics bid polio, mumps, measles and sm onlypox the older generations did. While it is safe to assume vaccinums atomic number 18 here to stay, critics have presented call forth yet unverified accounts of the ineffectiveness and harmful side effects of vaccinations urging parents to second guess their woof to immunise their child. The act of immunisation itself is the process of equipping ones immune system with an immunological memory by introducing a weakened foreign molecule to the physical structure that orchestrates an immune response that the body later uses to protect itself against an attack by said foreign molecule. Immunisation has been under constant gouge since its inception in the late 1700s with the introduction of the smallpox vaccine. People believed that the smallpox vaccine could literally turn vaccinated people into cows because the vaccination for smallpox was inducted from cows (William and Gunn, 2004) There was a famed Gilray cartoon of vaccinated people sprouting cow heads in 1804, which I eternally interpreted as people just being concerned intimately the source or purity of the vaccine. But they werent. They were concerned that they or their children would actually turn into cows. (Melnick, 2011) This proves that peoples views in regards to the ineffectiveness of immunisation are not always logical olibanum bringing to light the read/write head of whether or not parents should be allowed to decide to or not to vaccinate their children, bearing in mind parental and social responsibilities.Parents should have the right to be aware of all the risks and advantages involved and understand for themselves that the pros out-of-the-way(prenominal) exceed the cons. People tend to be misled, in the scurry to do the best for their children, by other parents and antivaccine activists who base their beliefs on unproven, board dismissed studies and theories. matchless such theory brought to life by a British gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield who claimed to have discovered a iron resembling co relationship between the MMR ( rubeola, Mumps and Rubella) vaccinum and autism Wakefield based his conclusions on a case occupy of a dozen children whod been brought to his clinic at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Almost immediately, Wakefields research methods and his interpretations, which had been published in the medical journal The Lancet, came under fire. Wakefields response was to appeal to the public rather than to his colleagues The medical establishment was so determined to discredit him, he said, because h e threatened their hegemony by taking parents concerns seriously.The media took the bait, and despite Wakefields lack of proof and his track record of dubious assertions and unverified testing ground results, they began churning out stories about how a maverick doctor was trying to protect innocent children from mishandle politicians and a rapacious pharmaceutical industry. Within months, vaccination rates across Western Europe began to fall. (Mnookin, 2011) Wakefields research was based on a very minuscule percentage of the entire population thus rendering unreliable. Despite the G.M.Cs (General Medical Council) dismissal of his studies, Wakefield utilised the media to manipulate paranoid, confused, gullible parents into depriving their children of the MMR vaccine. As a result, incident rates for two out of the three diseases increased significantly in the UK rising from 56 confirmed cases in 1998 to 449 cases within the first five months of the year 2006 with the first death sin ce 1992. (Asaria and MacMohan, 2006)Since the wake of Wakefields MMR-Autism theory, issues have been raised linking thimerosal (a preservative containing ethyl mercury) to the cause of autism. Mercury is a known neurological hazard but the quantity of mercury present in vaccines then were around 50micrograms 0.5 per-ml dose (Biba, 2009) which was far short of toxic. Although the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) publicly suggested the subtraction of a mercury-based preservative called thimerosal from childhood shots in 1999 (Mnookin, 2011), the CDC has found no relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism later on conducting scientific studies. (CDC Factsheet, 2004) (Melnick, 2011)Unsatisfied with the provided information parents tend to overlook proven statistics and rather look to their inner circles or celebrities with no knowledge of the background science, that have been given inappropriate media attention and who have no new or credible data, and for which their assumptions and hypotheses havebeen discredited. (Poland, 2011) They risk contracting a vaccine preventable disease to avoid a different health issue they believe the vaccinations themselves will cause proving to be a dire lose-lose situation. such(prenominal) individuals are denialists at best and dangerous at worst.In addition to the autism scare, parents also worry about a concept known as immuno- overload. This is when some believe, the injection of multiple immunogens (foreign agents) in one vaccine or even spread out, may overwhelm the immune system of a toddler/child. (Hilton, Petticrew and Hunt, 2006). This all the same isnt accurate Children are given vaccines at a young age because this is when they are most vulnerable to certain diseases. naturalborn babies are immune to some diseases because they have antibodies given to them from their mothers. However, this impedance merely lasts a few months. Further, most young children do not h ave maternal immunity to diphtheria, whooping cough, polio, tetanus, hepatitis B, or Hib. If a child is not vaccinated and is exposed to a disease, the childs body may not be strong enough to fight the disease. An infants immune system is more than ready to serve to the very small number of weakened and killed infectious agents (antigens) in vaccines. (CDC FAQ) Parents are drawing their own conclusions of the vastness of immunisation.They presume certain vaccines are no longer necessary because there is no longer a threat. This is absolutely bogus. It is because of the vaccines the diseases that once swept out children and adults alike in the millions, are now invisible. If even a few parents stop vaccinating their children these diseases could resurface. (Biba, 2009) This generation of the pre-Wakefield, dubious parents, who have mostly been immunised themselves, have not witnessed the true calamity of the diseases the vaccines they withhold from their children, prevent. They hav e a diminished sense of urgency for vaccination. (Hilton, Petticrew and Hunt, 2006) Instead they learn to believe anti-vaccine books claim that all shots are bad, the diseases arent really anything to fear, and as long as you live a natural and healthy lifestyle, you dont have to worry. I think this is a very irresponsible approach to the vaccine issue. Vaccines are beneficial in ridding our population of both serious and non-serious diseases.(Sears, 2011)Parents ultimately have a traffic towards their children, but also have a social responsibility as a citizen. They have a right to be conscientiously involved in their childs health and welfare. But as most parents choose to ignore the unbiased scientific studies that have been conducted, consult the internet for vaccine information. Anybody who has retrieve to a computer has the liberty to free float their own thesis ridiculous or not, which allay to the parents unsatisfied with factual evidence which has become a serious caus e for concern. (Haase, 2012) Combined with the self-reinforcing nature of online communities and a content-starved, cash-poor journalistic culture that gravitates toward neat narratives at the expense of messy truths, this disdain for actualities has led to a valet with increasingly porous boundaries between facts and beliefs, a world in which individualized notions of reality, no matter how off-the-wall or irrational, are repeatedly validated. (Mnookin, 2011) Obviously, the more kids who are vaccinated, the better our country is protected and the less seeming it is that any child will die from a disease.Some parents, however, arent willing to risk the very lofty side effects of vaccines, so they choose to skip the shots. Their children benefit from herd immunity (the protection of all the vaccinated kids around them) without risking the vaccines themselves. Is this selfish? Perhaps. But as parents you have to decide. (Sears, 2001) Parents may justify their decision to abjure t heir child of immunisation over the illusion that it is for their own good, by riding on the herd immunity for protection. But with more and more parents succumbing to the bystander apathy, the levels of herd immunity thins resulting in ominous consequences. (John and Samuel, 2000) In reference to the question at hand, it is beneficial for the health of society that laws are passed to make compulsory the immunisation of children given the vaccinations are meticulously researched and tested for safety and effectiveness thus disagreeing with the statement provided. Vaccinations are a medical face to the progressing world and should thus be taken advantage of. If you want to save your child from polio, you can supplicate or you can inoculate. Choose science. (Sagan, 1997)BibliographyWilliam, S., Gunn, A (2004) The Surgeons Word- Vaccination. World Journal of Surgery. DOI0.1007/s00268-003-7346-4Melnick, M. ( 2011, February) The Dangers of the Antivaccine Movement. (Conversation with Dr. capital of Minnesota Offit, chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases and the director of the Vaccine Education Centre at the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) m Magazine Retrieved fromhttp//content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2053517,00.htmlMnookin, S. (2011) The Panic Virus. spick-and-span York, NY. Simon and Schuster. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.au/books?id=mxqVQQMZzFcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=The+Panic+Virushl=ensa=Xei=jV5FU5yJE8jVkgXogIHwAgved=0CDUQ6AEwAQv=onepageq=The%20Panic%20Virusf=falseAsaria, P., MacMahon, E. (2006) Measles in the United Kingdom Can we eradicate it by 2010? BMJ 333 (7574) 890-5. DOI10.1136/bmj.38989.445845.7CBiba, E. (2009, October) How to Win an Argument about Vaccines. Wired Magazine Retrieved fromhttp//www.wired.com/2009/10/ff_waronscience_argument/correctionsCDC Fact Sheet. (2004) MMR vaccine and autism-CDC (measles, mumps, and rubella). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved fromhttp//www.in.gov/isdh/f iles/MMR_VaccineAutismFacts.pdf.Poland, G. A. (2011) MMR Vaccine and Autism Vaccine Nihilism and Postmodern Science. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86(9) 869871. DOI 10.4065/mcp.2011.0467 Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257990/?tool=pmcentrezreport=abstractHilton, S., Petticrew, M., Hunt, K. (2006) Combined Vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the bodys immune system Parental concerns about vaccine overload and immune-vulnerability. Elsevier. DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003CDC Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)Retrieved fromhttp//www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/multiplevaccines.html6Sears, R. (2011) The Vaccine Book Making the Right decision for Your Child New York, N. Y, Little, BrownHaase, N., (2012) Parents Trust Other Parents Lay Vaccination Narratives on the Web May seduce Doubt about Vaccination Safety. Sage Publications. DOI 10.1177/0272989X12445286John, T. J., Samuel, R. (2000) Herd immunity and herd effect New insights and definitions. Eur. J. Ep idemiol. 16 (7) 604-6. DOI10.1023/A1007626510002Sagan, C. (1997) The Demon-Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballentine Books New YorkScheibner, V. (1998) Vaccination The Hidden Truth (Documentary Video). Taycare Private Limited Retrieved fromhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqsT5EoIk8Ut=34

Literary Criticism Essay Example for Free

Literary reproval Essay biographical connoisseurism begins with the simple but central insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an fountains life can help needers more good comprehend the work. Anyone who reads the biography of a writer quickly sees how much an authors experience shapes two directly and indirectlywhat he or she creates. Reading that biography leave alone also change (and normally deepen) our response to the work. Sometimes even knowing a single important fact illuminates our reading of a poem or story. Learning, for example, that Josephine Miles was confined to a wheelchair or that Weldon Kees committed suicide at forty-one allow for certainly make us pay attention to certain aspects of their poems we office otherwise have confused or considered unimportant. A formalist critic might complain that we would also have noticed those things through protective(predicate) textual analysis, but biographical information provided the practical assistance of underscoring subtle but important moments in the poems.Though many literary theorists have assailed biographical criticism on philosophical grounds, the biographical climb to literature has never disappeared because of its obvious practical advantage in illuminating literary texts. It may be helpful here to make a distinction between biography and biographical criticism. Biography is, stringently speaking, a branch of history it provides a written account of a persons life.To point and interpret the facts of a poets life, for instance, a biographer would use all the available informationnot fair(a) personal documents like letters and diaries, but also the poems for the possible light they might shed on the subjects life. A biographical critic, however, is not concerned with recreating the record of an authors life. Biographical criticism focuses on explicating the literary work by using the insight provided by knowledge of the authors life. Quite oft en biographical critics, like Brett C.Millier in her discussion of Elizabeth Bishops One Art, will examine the drafts of a poem or story to see both how the work came into being and how it might have been changed from its autobiographical origins. A reader, however, must use biographical interpretations cautiously. Writers are notorious for revising the facts of their bear lives they often delete embarrassments and invent accomplishments while changing the details of real episodes to improve their literary impact. crapper Cheever, for example, frequently told reporters about his sunny, privileged youth after the authors death, his biographer Scott Donaldson discovered a puerility scarred by a distant mother, a failed, alcoholic father, and nagging economic uncertainty. Likewise, Cheevers outwardly successful adulthood was plagued by alcoholism, sexual promiscuity, and family tension.The chilling facts of Cheevers life significantly changed the way critics read his stories. The dan ger in a famous writer s caseSylvia Plath and F. Scott Fitzgerald are two advanced(a) examplesis that the life story can overwhelm and eventually distort the work. A savvy biographical critic always remembers to base an interpretation on what is in the text itself biographical data should amplify the meaning of the text, not drown it out with irrelevant material.

The Middle East Essay Example for Free

The lay vitamin E EssayPetroleum being one of the most indispensable resources to man is a commodity that is produced in one of the regions in the world characterized by people who sport long beards, dresses for both men and women and a turban. This region is the Middle eastern United States which is responsible for producing most of the worlds supply of oil. Therefore, one must be awake of the history and current status of the Middle einsteinium be source it produces one of the most important fuels that make our liveness convenient nowadays. The Middle East is a region that includes southwestern Asia and Egypt.Formerly known as the snug East, it is the origin of most of the major religions in the world such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. As of 2009, the Middle East has a total macrocosm of 202,687,005 comprising around 3% of the total worlds universe. Saudi Arabias total of 27,019,731 includes 5,360,526 non-nationals and UAEs total population of 2,602,713 include s 1,576,472 non-nationals making them among those that are highly active in terms of commerce and industry. The population of the Middle East is still expected to grow rapidly because of the young age structure, having one third of its entire population under 15.The fertility of mothers rose from 4. 3 births per woman in 2000 to 7. 2 in 2010. Nearly 60% of the population live in urban areas thitherfore making the urbanization rate high. Population compactness varies among countries and Yemen for example has a population density of 34. 2 square meters per person, 10. 2 for Saudi Arabia, and 30. 9 for UAE. ethnical groups that comprise the Middle East are Persians, Arabs, Turks, Armenians, Jews, and Greeks. Major religion is Islam but other religions are as well as present such as Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism.Major language being spoken is Arabic followed by Persian and Turkish. The history of the Middle East dates back to the empires of the Byzantines and the Sassanids . The Arabs who were before at competition with each other were leap by one religion that is Islam. The Arab Islamic group spread to more countries but was at last repaced by a Turkish Islamic group known as the Ottomans. The Ottoman empire lasted for decades but reached capitulation when the Europeans took control because of their interest in Middle East lands.To save the empire, the Ottomans collaborated with Germany during WWI but due to the loss they sustained, they were eventually a destroyed empire. The Middle East countries were granted freedom since the 1920s to the 1970s. Monarchs and dictators emerged and ruled the political trunk of the region. Internal forces affecting politics are instabilities caused by coups, revolutions and civil wars while the external force that touch on the politics in the region is the importance placed on them by other super powers such as the United States and other Europen States.The main product that fuels the economy of the Middle East is the oil they produce. 1965-1985 was the achievement considered as the best in the economy of the region. This was due to a dramatic rise in the prices of oil. imputable to this, literacy rates rose, job opportunities grew and the oil-producing countries gave constant aids to non-oil producing countries. Among those that experienced wealth are Saudi Arabia and UAE while Yemen stayed to be among the poorest. However, dramatic as the rise, the decline was equally dramatic because of the fluctuation in oil price from 28$ in 1985 to 10$ in 1986.Currently, the economic future of the Middle East is affected by dickens forces. Internally, it is the rapid population growth in the region. This will clearly affect the economy because this will cause stresses in resources of the region. Take for example water, since the Middle East is among the water-scarce region in the world. Other aspects to be interpreted into consideration that will be affected by population growth are food resources, practice of medicine and education. Externally, the factor that would affect the economy of the Middle East is the price of oil in the world market.If there is a rise, then further economic growth will be attained. But if the direction would be a decrease, then it would not be good news for the region. Therefore, alternative sources of income should be exploited. In conclusion, as long as there is a need to fuel the modern technology that man has created, the Middle East will continue to thrive as a region that is rich in heathen heritage as well as a region that is the best resource for oil. Works Cited Shah, Anup. 29 December 2009. Middle East. Global Issues. 5 June 2010 http//www. globalissues. org/issue/103/middle-east

Phil. 101 Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Phil. 101 Metaphysics EssayPhilosophy stemmed from the early Greek religions and myths, in try for answers to their questions ab go forth life. From early B. C. till today people still have questions about life and after-life, what is actually and what is reality. Philosophy has dozens of subdivisions within it, one being metaphysics. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, and within metaphysics there argon three more divisions materialism, idealism, and hylemorphism. Each philosopher fits into one category more then others.I have elect to write about Aristotle, Plato, and Histories because I feel they each fit into a category with little amazement as to where they belong in metaphysics. materialism falls all the way on the left of the spectrum. Materialism is defined as all reality is only and ever matter. This is the mindset of zero point happens after death, or if the tree falls and no one hears it there is no sound. I interpreted this as a pessimistic, dull outlook because it left little room for imagination.As I read Aristotles scrap Metaphysics it really opened my eyes to materialism. On page one he says, A sign of this is out liking for the senses for even apart from their usefulness we like them for themselvesespecially the sense of sight, since we choose seeing higher up practically all the others, non only as an aid to action, but also when we have no intention of acting. If one were to break this come out Aristotle says we as gays use our senses not only for the inbred purpose, the most used sense is sight because it helps when doing some occasion or nada at all.This quote showed materialism because I related it the tree falling, because no one used his or her senses to hear the tree fall so nothing happened when it fell. Aristotle explains that if one does not know if something is real by using his or her senses then it is nothing at all. high-mindedness lies on the right of the spectrum as far from materialism as po ssible. Idealism is defined, as all reality is only and ever the result of my subjective interpretation. As I browsed through Platos work I noticed he made many references to god.These references canceled out materialism for Plato because materialists do not believe in god(s), because there has neer been a physical god. As I looked more in depth in Platos work, the work showed doing good by god and soul for the after life. In Platos Euthyphro, Euthyphro stresses piety, a religious devotion, if fact the entire dialogue is based on the pious thing to do. Euthyphro says, I would certainly say that the pious is what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hates, is the impious. Because the pious thing is what the gods love and that is a belief, which shows idealism because it is a belief and not matter. At the end of Platos dialogue Apology, Socrates is sentences to death, he makes a reference to when he dies he will meet with all the other men who have died for his the alike reason and they share their experiences, but no one truly knows what happens after death except the gods. Idealism is based upon a subjective world, meaning it is what one believes it to be.Platos entire story The Allegory of the hollow out represents idealism completely. This is a story Socrates based on his view of the education system. It began with prisoners in a cave who only saw shadows of puppets, hear random noises, and the only source of light was a fire. They know nothing other then what they are shown but they were to interpret the puppets in their own way, eventually a prisoner will be freed to leave and will come back because that was all they knew.Although the story is flawed and perturbing it represented the idealism because the prisoners had the freedom to imagine what the wished even with no knowledge of what it was. In between materialism and idealism, hylemorphism blossoms. Hylemorphism is defined, as all reality is a distinct, non-separable combination of matter and form. This section of metaphysic allows space for matter to limiting form and a little more room for imagination in general. In A Pre-Socratics proofreader I believe Diogenes Laertius and Herodotus to be the most hylemorphism philosophers.As materialism and idealism believe in dickens completely different experiences after death, I think hylemorphism think that people reincarnate because they believe that forms will change. Laertius tells a story of a man beating a puppy and as he heard the puppys cry he asked the man to stop because it was the cries of the soul of a friend of his. Herodotus says, the human soul is immortal, and each time the body perishes it enters into another animal as it is born. The pre-socratics has dozens of philosophers that have the uniform thoughts or views as these two men, which represent hylemorphism just as well. As I broken down metaphysics into the three general categories, it can be broken down more and have more philosophers in each category. Philosophy is not set in stone it is all set upon interpretation. Some whitethorn feel completely different about Aristotles positions on the spectrum or even Laertius, philosophers will never true have a set category in metaphysic.

Introduction to Organizational Politics Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Organizational administration EssayThis piece consists heavily of quotations from and adaptations of material from several sources (see references at the end). There still may be some unreferenced quotations beca intake I have lost track of their genesis over many years of lamentable content through various nones. I dont claim originality, other than the choice and organizing of material Rex Mitchell. Pfeffer (1992, p. 30) defined administration as the processes, the actions, the behaviors through which potential power is utilized and realized.Another author (Dubrin, 2001 , p. 92) defined organisational governing as informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or luck. It could be argued that regime are used primarily to achieve power, either directly or indirectly, e. g. , by being promoted, receiving a larger budget or other resources, or gaining desirable assignments. Many people regard organizational politics as something nega tive (e. g. , pursuing selflnterests at the expense of others) and something to be minimized.Consequently, although most people slam that organizational politics are common, they avoid saying so when it concerns one=s own ehavior. It is more common to talk about politics when complaining about a loss to a mate than it is in the context of ones own political maneuvering. When we win on an issue, we call it leadership when we lose, we call it politics. In many organizations, politics is a taboo subject, which makes it difficult for individuals to deal with this crucially important aspect of organizational reality.I believe a leader must skillfully use organizational politics to suffer and retain power and to accomplish major goals. Therefore, it would be a mistake to pretend that politics does not exist or to antasize that a leader can be effective without appropriate (and ethical, I would add) use of politics. As Pericles wrote over 2500 years ago, Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesnt mean politics wont take an interest in you. I regard organizational politics as neither good nor bad, per se, although it is important for us to distinguish between ethical and unethical political behavior.

Behaviour Issues and Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Behaviour Issues and schoolroom Management EssayPart 1 . Identify and look Behaviour issues and schoolroom management. 3. Importance of schoolroom management Students engage to feel a sense of community. Relationships and Experiences. Classroom management and demeanour issues atomic number 18 swayly relate to how students feel. 4. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment A teachers beliefs and values influence classroom environment . The teacher models and demonstrate to students how to act. Unprepared responses add to conflict or negative feelings for students. 5. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment At risk students see little to strive for. Negative perspective pull up stakes have a direct influence on the type of behaviour the students demonstrates. Classroom management needs to chang the environment, non try to tack an individuals behaviour (Henley, 2006). 6. Issues relating to behaviour and manaegment Typical Adolescent behaviour E egocentric E explor ing different identities. R ebellion. S ensitive and argumentative7. Part 2. Discussion on the different approaches to behaviour issues and classroom management. 8. Different Approaches to the Issue Autocratic, teacher centred, passive encyclopedism and controlled classroom management Vs Democratic, student led, interactive learning, drill centred, and co-constructed management 9. Autocratic Managment The teacher dictates and students comply. It values and looks for obedience and curricula control. When compliance is the goal of classroom management, students do not have the opportunity to learn. 10. Autocratic Managment Punishment used to change behaviour. Enforces consequences that will decrease the likelyhood of poor behaviour in the future. Autocratic instruction believes that a well-managed class is a quiet class. 11. Democratic Managment Values the need to increase student motivation. Students are allowed more input into classroom activities. This increases participation an d reduces the anount of behaviour issues.12. Democratic Managment Students are allowed to voice their persective and it is respected by staff. Students can have it off participating fully in democratic play by allowing students to establish their own rules for behaviour and sanctions. 13. Democratic Managment Involves a variety of components to maintain students attention. Movement is the further experience that unites all levels of activity in the brain. The more opportunities students have to move and change positions, the better they will act (Henley, 2006). 14. Democratic Managment Students should be allowed to move and talk together during activities. Activity centred lessons include variety in curriculum and content, co-operative learning, peer tutoring, learning centres, role-play, brainstorming, and discussion 15. Democratic Managment An autocratic style is when the teacher dictates what will materialise and how it will happen. A democratic style attempts to involve stud ents in decision-making and appeals to the students intrinsic motivation. 16.Part 3. Solutions to behaviour issues and classroom management strategies 17. Solutions Strategies and actions n eed to be planned and implemented proterozoic. T eacher s must establish rules and expectations early to ensure students know the boundaries. 18. Solutions Teachers should aim to know information on their students. This includes P ossible behaviour problems S pecific learning and physical need S student names and how to pronounce them. 19. D iscipline strategies M anagement is gained through pursuant(predicate) discipline. Three common discipline strategies are Preventative theatre of operations . This includes Clear expectations A n a ttractive and welcoming environment W ell-planned room organisation Adequate resources Organising curriculum to cater for mixed abilities 20. Discipline strategies 2. Corrective Discipline . This includes T eachers behaviours and reactions Casual and direct ques tioning Simple warnings or directions Defusing or re-directing potential conflict Reminding of rules Giving simple choices Taking students aside from the grou p Using appropriate conviction out. 21. Discipline strategies3. Supportive Discipline includes Following up o n disruptions Encouraging students Re-establishing working relationships develop and maintaining respect Building a positive classroom Applying a team approach 22. Preventitive Managment M aximis ing schoolman Learning Time (ALT) ALT increases engagement ALT is achieved by specifically allocating time for variations in teaching 23. Preventitive Managment Give clear, brief and effective instructions A lot of low-level off-task behaviour is from students not taking into custody Work must be achievable yet challenging for students. Students will engage and achieve when they experience success24. Preventitive Managment Henley (2006), suggests that solutions for behaviour issues develop over time. Solutions include Smoo th transitions Clear instructions Accountability Procedures being With It Establishing Routines Keeping Students Alert 25. Preventitive Managment Democratic solutions involve disciplining with dignity . Respect is paramount. Teachers must hold the moral advanced ground. Teachers must allow students the opportunity to reflect on their poor behaviour.REFERENCESCowley, S. (2003). Managing the first meeting . Getting the buggers to behave 2 (pp.15-16). London Continuum. Cowley, S. (2003). Behaviour management in the secondary school . Getting the buggers to behave 2 (pp.166-175). London Continuum. Henley, M. (2006). Classroom management A proactive approach (pp. 30-50). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Merrill prentice Hall. Rodgers, B. (1990). You Know the Fair Rule . London Longman Sen, C. (2003). Classroom Management in a Secondary School. Retrieved February 19 th , 2013 from http//ezinearticles.com/?Classroom-Management-in-a-Secondary- Wilkins, R. (1987). Classroom Management . Set No.1. Western Australian Institute of Technology.

Wear Rate of an Advanced Polymer Coating Experiment

Wear instal up of an Advanced Polymer Coating ExperimentCHAPTER 11.0 INTRODUCTIONThe general purpose of last is to protect the substrate and to be decorative, enhancing the appearance of substrate in terms of gloss, colour, adhesion and wetability. Consequently, in addition, surface properties such as resistance to outwear, indentation, and scratching atomic human action 18 critical to retain the basic functions 1, 2. Polymers argon common literals which be astray utilize in in sprinklery. Polymer polish acts as a protective covering in corrosive environments. The properties of polymers wait largely on the structures of someone polymer molecules, molecule habitus and sizing as well as how molecules argon arranged to ca-ca a polymer structure. Polymer molecules be characterised by their very large size a hold that distinguished them from separate nigh organic chemic compositions.The wear rate for an advanced polymer fabrics varies depending on the utilize norm al load and the slide speed which is affected by size, shape, the matrix composition and the test conditions 3. As the load decreases the contact becomes elastic with consequent changes in mechanism of friction. paste resin ar characterized by the presence of three- member cyclic ether group commonly referred to as an epoxy group, epoxies cross-link when a catalyzing agent (hardener) is added, forming a three-dimensional molecular(a) network. Beca put on of their outstanding bonding intensity level, epoxy resins are apply to nurse practical applications, adhesives, composite laminates and have important acts in the aerospace industry. Epoxy pulveriseise natural covering is still widely routined today, especially as a functional and tough application program where flexibility, adhesion, toughness and corrosion resistance are needed. Epoxy coatings are based on epoxy resin they are manufactured in a way which enables the possibility of coating to a certain thickness w ithout defect in the coating after(prenominal) curing 14, 16. Epoxy power coatings get a good adhesion to aluminium or nerve surfaces, and add a good corrosion protection layer (for indoor use). Most outstanding with pulverise finish is the excellent resistance against otherwise chemics. Epoxy demolish coatings are suitable especially in aggressive environments. However, they are non suitable for external use where they become dis washed-out as the pigments are disoriented down by ultra violet rays when undecided to sunlight. They consequently become chalky and actually reduced in thickness as they are washed away 15.1.1 AIMThe main(prenominal) aim of this roll is to determine the effect of sliding speeds on the wear rate of an advanced Polymer coating.1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objective of this offer is to investigate the wear rate of an advanced powder coating using a reciprocating linear ball-on- vapid sliding machine. collect to the nature of the resources requir ed to run the experiments, this investigation included the careful attention taken for wear testing especially in areas of the ball-on-flat sliding machine, data acquisition and wear rate calculation.The technical advance for the investigation will containd preparing polar test specimens vulcanised at temperatures of 140oC, 160oC, 180oC, and 200oC respectively. These test specimens would then be tested for one hour at sliding speeds of 0.02 m/s, 0.03 m/s and 0.04 m/s on a fixed normal load of 0.76 kg. Data from the wear testing would be acquired at once as galvanizing signals by with the help of electronic data acquisition devices. Also this would involve investigating and analysing the microstructure of the all the tested coated sample to see the level of damage done to it at the above temperatures and sliding speeds.CHAPTER 22.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 POLYMERSModern scientific tools revolutionized the processing of polymers thus functional synthetic polymers like useful plast ics, rubbers and fibre poppycocks says (Satish V. Kailas) 38. As with other engineering materials (metals and ceramics), the properties of polymers are related their dowry geomorphological elements and their arrangement. The suffix in polymer mer is originated from Greek word meros which means part. The word polymer is thus coined to mean material consisting of many parts/mers. Most of the polymers are basically organic compounds, however they squeeze out be inorganic (e.g. silicones based on Si-O network). This chapter introduces classification of polymers, processing and synthesis of polymers, followed by mechanism of deformation and machinelike doings of polymers 10, 11, 38.Polymers are classified in several ways by how the molecules are synthesized, by their molecular structure, or by their chemical family. For example, linear polymers consist of coherent molecular chains, while the branched polymers consist of first ache chains and secondary chains that stem from th eir main chains. However, linear does non mean flat lines. The better way to classify polymers is according to their machinelike and caloric behaviour. Individually, polymers are classified into two main classes plastics and elastomers 10, 11.2.1.1 PLASTICSPlastics are plaster bandageable organic resins. These are either natural or synthetic, and are processed by forming or moulding into shapes. Plastics are important engineering materials for many reasons. They have a wide range of properties, many of which are unattainable from any other materials, and in most cases they are comparatively low in cost. Following is the brief list of properties of plastics light weight, wide range of colours, low thermal and electrical conductivity, little brittle, good toughness, good resistance to acids, bases and moisture, senior high school dielectric strength (use in electrical insulation), etc. Plastics are again classified in two groups depending on their mechanical and thermal behavi our as thermoplasts (thermoplastic polymers) and thermosets (thermosetting polymers) 10, 11.2.1.2 TYPES OF PLASTICS2.1.2.1 THERMOPLASTSThese plastics reveal when heat uped and harden when cooled processes that are totally reversible and may be repeated. These materials are normally sham by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. They are linear polymers without any cross-linking in structure where long molecular chains are bonded to each other by secondary bonds and/or inter-wined. They have the lieu of increasing plasticity with increasing temperature which breaks the secondary bonds between individual chains. Common thermoplasts are acrylics, Vinyl resins (PVCs), polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyimide, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene) etc 10, 11.Acrylics (poly-methyl-methacrylate)They are characterised by outstanding light transmission and resistance to weathering only fair mechanical properties. Their applications are in the main in lenses, transparent aircraft enclosures (aeroplane windows), drafting equipment, and outdoor signs 17.PolystyreneThey have low specific gravity (1.07), availability in colours form clear to opaque, resistance to water system and most chemicals, dimensional stability, insulating ability. Polystyrene is an excellent rubber backup for electrical insulation. Styrene resin is moulded into battery boxes, dishes, radio parts, lenses, flotation gears etc 17.PolyethyleneThese materials are compromising at room and low temperatures, waterproof, unaffected by most chemicals, capable of being heat-sealed, and plunder be produced in a configuration of colours. Polyethylene, which floats on water, has a density range from 0.91 to 0.96% and is one of the inexpensive plastics, and its moisture-resistant characteristics ensure its use for packing and squeeze bottles 12, 17.Polyethylene PolymerTable 2.1 Properties of polyethylenePolypropylenePolypropylene has excellent electrical properties, high wallop and tensile strength and is resistant to heat and chemicals. Monofilaments of polypropylene are used in reservation rope, nets, and textiles.PolyimideThese thermoplastics are produced in the form of solids, gets or solutions. They have unusual heat-resisting properties up to 750oF (400oC), low coefficient of friction, high gradation of radiation resistance, and good electrical properties. Products from this include sleeve bearing, valves seats, tubing, and various electrical components. The films, tough and strong, are used for wire insulation, motor insulation, and printed circuit backing 17.ABS (Acrylonitrile, Butadiene, and Styrene)This plastic can be compounded to have a degree of hardness or great flexibility and toughness. The ABS plastics are used in applications that requires abuse resistance, colourability, hardness, electrical and moisture properties, and limited heat (2200oF (105oC). These plastics and processed by thermoforming injection, flow, rotational, and extrus ion moulding. Applications include household piping, cameras, electrical clear tool housings, telephone handsets, and canoes 12.Vinyl ResinsThese thermoplastic materials can be processed by compression or injection moulding, extrusion, or blow moulding. Vinyl resins are suitable especially for surface coating and flexile and rigid sheeting. The vinyl resins commercially available include polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs), butyrates, and polyvinylidene chloride. Polyvinyl chloride has a high degree of resistance, to many solvents and does not support combustion. It is used for rubberlike products including raincoat, packaging and blow-moulded bottles. Polyvinyl butyrate is a clear tough resin, which is used for interlayers in preventive glasses, raincoats, sealing fuel tanks, and flexible moulded products. It has moisture resistance, great adhesiveness, and stability towards light and heat 17.2.1.2.2 THERMOSETSThese plastics require heat and pressure to mould them into shape. They are fo rmed into a permanent shape and of age(p) or set by chemical reactions such as extensive cross-linking. They cannot be re- freeed or reformed into another shape but decompose upon being heated to too high a temperature. Thus thermosets cannot be recycled, whereas thermoplasts can be recycled. The term thermoset implies that heat is required to permanently set the plastic. Most thermosets composed of long chains that are strongly cross-linked (and/or covalently bonded) to one another to form 3-D network structures to form a rigid solid. Thermosets are generally stronger, but more brittle than thermoplasts 10, 11.An advantage of thermosets for engineering function applications includes the following high thermal stability, high dimensional stability, high rigidity, light weight, high electrical and thermal insulating properties and resistance to creep and deformation under load. There are two methods whereby cross-linking reaction can be initiated cross-linking can be accomplished by heating the resin in a suitable mould (e.g. bakelite), or resins such as epoxies (araldite) are cured at low temperature by the addition of a suitable cross-linking agent, an amine. Epoxies, vulcanized rubbers, phenolics, unsaturated polyester resins, and amino resins (ureas and melamines) are examples of thermosets 10, 11.PhenolicsThese resins for popular for thermosetting applications. The synthetic resign, made by the reactions of phenol with formaldehyde, forms a hard, high-strength, durable material that is capable of being moulded under a variety of conditions. It is characterized by excellent thermal stability to over 150oC (that is, has high heat and water resistance) and can be coloured in a variety of way may be compounded with a large number of resins, fillers 12. It is used in manufacturing coating materials, laminated products, grinding wheels, and metals as well as glass bonding agents, and can be cast into moulded cases, bottle caps, knobs, dials, knife handles, e lectrical appliance cabinets and numerous electrical parts 17.Epoxy ResinsEpoxy resins, both monomers and oligomers, can be powders or they can be thick and clear or yellow runninesss with strong and unpleasant odours. They are known for their excellent adhesion, chemical and heat resistance, excellent mechanical and good electrical insulating properties. Moulding a fibre reinforced epoxy composite is much easier compared to other thermoset resins 19. The typical applications of epoxy are in adhesives, electrical parts, coating and lamination process, moulds/dies/tools and in military, biomedical and self-propelled fields.Epoxy being a thermoset polymer, during the process of curing, when mixed with curing agent or harder, polymerises and cross-links. In other words, this curing agent reacts with epoxy resin monomers to form epoxy product. The curing agent plectrum will determine to a large extent the writ of execution of the final epoxy composite. Table 2 below shows the proper ties of epoxy resins.Table 2.2 Properties of Epoxy resinsEpoxy resins are the major part of the class of adhesives called structural adhesives. These high performance adhesives are normally used in the construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, golf clubs, snowboards and other applications where strength bond are required. Also, they are exceptional adhesives for wood, metal, glass, and some plastics. Epoxy resins can be made flexible of rigid, transparent, opaque or coloured and fast setting or extremely slow setting. Furthermore, epoxy adhesives are unmatched in heat and chemical resistance among other adhesives. Usually requires heat curing for maximum performance 22. Therefore epoxy adhesives cured with heat will be more heat and chemical resistant than those cured at room temperature. Also, the peak adhesion strengths achievable for epoxy/metal interfaces depends greatly on the types and sequences of wet chemicals used to treat the surface. For all these reasons, they a re used in high performance and decorative flooring applications too 22.Epoxy coatings are in addition widely used as primers to repair the adhesion of automotive and marine paints especially on metal surfaces where corrosion resistance is important. However, they are not used in the outer layer of a boat as they can deteriorate when exposed to ultra violet light. But they are often used during boat repair and assembly and also over-coated with conventional paints or marine varnishes which can provide ultra violet protection 23. Also, metal cans and containers are often coated with epoxy to prevent rusting especially for foods like tomatoes, which are acidic in nature.In addition, epoxy resin is an excellent electrical insulator too. It helps to protect electrical components from short-circuiting due to dust and moisture. Hence, epoxy resins are important in the electronic industry, finding application in motors, generators, transformers, switchgears, bushings and insulators. Also , in the electronic industry, epoxy resins are the primary resin used in moulding integrated circuits, transistors and hybrid circuits. The cured epoxy is an insulator and a much better conductor of heat than air. Using epoxy in transformers and inductors greatly reduces hot spots which in turn give the component a stable and monthlong life than unprotected products 24. Another interesting property of epoxy is that it does not stick to mould liberation compounds like paraffin wax, polyethylene sheeting, sandwich bags and the non glued side of packaging tape which is of great use during lay-ups and also during the manufacturing of precision parts.Though epoxy resins are more expensive than any other resins such as polyester resins, in brief, the purpose of selecting epoxy as the base resin for this research is because of its un-matching high chemical and thermal resistance, good adhesion to various materials, compatibility with various substrates and other additives, low shrinkage, availability of solvent emancipate formulations, light in colour, easy to control viscosity and low vapour pressure besides place good to excellent mechanical properties and very good electrical insulating properties.The properties of polymers depend largely on the structures of individual polymer molecules, molecule shape and size as well as how molecules are arranged to form a polymer structure. Polymer molecules are characterised by their very large size a feature that distinguished them from other most organic chemical compositions.2.1.2.3 ELASTOMERSPolymers are long-chain molecules that are formed by polymerization (that is by linking and cross-linking of different monomers. A monomer is the basic building block of a polymer. One of the fascinating properties of the elastomeric materials is their rubber-like elasticity. That is, they have the ability to be deformed to quite large deformations, and then elastically spring back to their original form. This results from the c ross-links in the polymer that provides a force to doctor up the chains to their undeformed conformations. Elastomeric behaviour was probably fist observed in natural rubber however, the past fewer years have brought about the synthesis of a large number of elastomers with a wide variety of properties. Typical stress-strain characteristic of elastomeric materials is displayed in figure 2 curve.Upon stretchiness, it is immediately noted that there is a flat region in the stress-strain curve. This essentially means that after an initial elongation, there is a region stretching which occurs without increasing strain.2.2 CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING AND GLASS TRANSITIONPolymers are known by their high sensitivity of mechanical and/or thermal properties. This section explains their thermal behaviour. During processing of polymers, they are cooled with/ without presence of presence from liquid invoke to form final product. During cooling, an ordered solid phase may be formed having a ext remely random molecular structure. This process is called crystallization. The melting occurs when a polymer is heated. If the polymer during cooling retains amorphous or non-crystalline state i.e. disturb molecular structure, rigid solid may be considered as frozen liquid resulting from glass transition. Thus, sweetener of either mechanical and/or thermal properties needs to consider crystallization, melting, and the glass transition.Crystallization and the mechanism elusive play an important role as it influences the properties of plastics. As in bent of metals, polymer crystallization involves nucleation and growth. Near to solidification temperature at favourable places, nuclei forms, and then nuclei grow by the continued ordering and alignment of additional molecular segments. Extent of crystallization is measured by volume change as there will be a considerable change in volume during solidification of a polymer. Crystallization rate is pendant on crystallization temperatu re and also on the molecular weight of the polymer. Crystallization rate decreases with increasing molecular weight.Melting of polymer involves transformation of solid polymer to viscous liquid upon heating at melting temperature, Tm. Polymer melting is characteristic from that of metals in many respects melting takes place over a temperature range melting behaviour depends on history of the polymer melting behaviour is a function of rate of heating, where increasing rate results in an elevation of melting temperature. During melting there occurs rearrangement of the molecules from ordered state to disordered state. This is influenced by molecular chemistry and structure (degree of branching) along with chain stiffness and molecular weight.2.3 POLYMER COATINGThe task of coating engine room is to provide surface protection, decorative finish and numerous special functions for commodities and merchandise by means of organic coatings. galore(postnominal) everyday products are only made useable and thus saleable because their surface treatment. To achieve this, germane(predicate) coating formulations, their production plant, the coating material and suitable coating processes for product must be available. However, the woodland to be achieved by means of coating process is not the only function of the coating material used. The object to be painted or coated itself with its specific material and design and appropriate application process are further variables which play a significant role. Coating itself is a layer of material which is use to a surface to decorate, preserve, protect, seal, or smooth the substrate usually applied by brushing, spraying, mopping, or dipping 26. There are two principal technologies that are the backbone of the coatings industry Liquid coating technology (wet), which has been applied for more than two centuries Powder coating technology (dry), which has been applied on an industrial case for some 30 years.2.3.1 WHY POWDER COAT INGThe global average annual growth for powder coatings has been approximately 7-9% over the last 10 years. From country to country worldwide these figures have varied considerably. This relatively high performance has been achieved by autonomous growth on the one side and by refilling liquid coatings on the other.Powder coating involves applying a finely grounded resin (powder) to a substrate and subjecting this powder to heat. During the heating process, the powder melts and creates a uniform, continuous coating 26. The use of powder coating as a finishing process has grown significantly in the past several years. It dates back to the 1950s when powders were flamed-sprayed on metallic surfaces to protect them from corrosion and abrasion. As the process evolved, most powder-coating application involved trim backing a heated part (sometimes referred to as a ware or a substrate) into a spang of fluidized powder. However, this process resulted in inconsistent film thickness. Electr ostatic introduced in the early 1960s, enabled powder coatings to be applied to cold substrates, resulting in more uniform, thinner surface application and thus, savings in raw materials 26.Today, powder-coating processes are employed in many production settings involving protective finishes. Powder formulations can be created to deliver cosmetic, protective, and length of service characteristic, and to achieve maximum hardness, chemical resistance, and gloss retention. More and more companies have turned to powder coating as a way to produce a high-quality finish while increasing production rates, peeled costs, and complying with increasing environmental pressures. Also, ongoing technological breakthroughs are continually knocking down the few barriers that hindered powder coatings ability to grow in the market.2.4 POWDER COATING MANUFACTURING PROCESSThe process of producing a powder coating is somewhat more complex, the equipments are numerous and the production time is somewhat long. This process can be simplified into 4 basic stages.2.4.1 PREMIXTUREThis is the first stage in the manufacture of a powder coating and is the most crucial for production. In this stage, the various sizes of resin flake, pigment powder, etc must be transformed into a homogeneous blend of similar sizes before they enter the extrusion stage.This is for the fact that the extruder is a simple melt mixer and not a very efficient disperser the premix equipment consists of a mixing bowl with a locking cover. The equipment is usually fitted with a cooling jacket capable of being filled with running water or cryogenic gases. Inside the mixing bowl are mixing-blades placed at different senior high and orientation to one another depending on the machine configuration 27.2.4.2 EXTRUSIONThis is the second stage of the powder coat manufacture. The extruder is composed of a horizontally placed barrel. Within the barrel is a cylindrical jailer shaft that is slightly smaller than the barrel in diameter. As the shaft turns, the premix moves forward through heated mixing zones. The mixing zones contain attachments called paddles that knead the melted premix and blends the various ingredients.2.4.3 GRINDINGThe ordinal phase (grinding stage) is very important to its performance. This is because the average particle size and dispersion are important in the application properties and final surface appearance. In the grinder, grinds the chilled and pressed extruded mix into fine particles. This is usually done using, impact/hammer mill, air jet mill or the air classifier mill.2.4.4 SIFTING AND CLASSIFYINGThe final structuring of the particle size is accomplished by passing the ground materials through sieves or cyclonic separators. This is to sort out the distribution and average particle size of the powder.2.5 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF POWDER COATINGAlthough equipment and materials cost are similar in powder-coating and liquid-coating processes, yet powder coating processes provi de a number of advantages over other surface coating methods. These includeFewer rejects.Less floor space required.Less material waste. get down energy costs.Lower training and confinement costs.Lower waste-disposal costs.More efficient cleaning operations.More uniform finishes.Powder coating materials are immediately ready for use. They do not have to be mixed with any other ingredients such as solvents or catalysts and are easy to apply, thus labour costs associated with training, setup, and processing are low when compared with liquid-coating processes 26. Liquid coating usually requires thinning before application, leading to additional material and labour costs. This is not the case with powder coating. Liquid paint requires flash-off time before surface can re recoated which is not applicable to powder, meaning that racks can be spaced closer together and thus more parts per hour can be processed 25. Powder coating processes results in fewer rejects than liquid coating proces ses. Since the former is a dry process, air and water associated problems such as sags, runs, and contaminations are nearly eliminated. Blowing off the surface with an air hose and reapplying the powder can easily repair coating rejects in booth or application area.2.5.1 THERMOSETTING POWDERMost powder coating materials are thermosetting powders. The greatest technological advances in powder coatings are being made in this area. Thermosetting powders are composed of solid resins higher in molecular weight than resigns found in liquid coatings and lower in molecular weight than those found in thermoplastics.The solid resins melt and flow chemically, and cross-link deep down themselves or with other relative components forming a higher molecular weight reaction product. The coating film formed by this reaction is heat stable and will not soften back to a liquid on further exposure to heat (Wick and Veilleux 1985). At these higher temperatures, a coating emerges with different chemi cal properties than before heating.Cured coatings have different chemical structures than basic resins. Newly formed cured materials are heat stable and will not re-melt to liquid after further exposure to heat.These powders are ground from brittle resin systems into fine particles in the range of 0.004 0.0016 in (10 40 um) or less. Due to the rheology of these resin systems, they can produce thin like paint coatings in the range of 0.001 0.003 in (25 75 m) with properties equivalent or superior to coatings produced from liquid-compliance technologies 33.The types of resins commonly used in thermosetting powder include several(prenominal) types of epoxies Hydroxyl and carboxyl types of polyesters Several types of acrylics, and Several types of silicones.They require lower temperatures for curing than thermoplastic resins.Table 2.4 main properties of different types of thermosetting powder coatings27Thermosetting powders chemical reaction begins in oven. Ovens produce and maint ain heat-the sole cause of chemical reaction needed for in powder coating. P