Urban Planning Urban Design

Urban Planning Urban initiation Urban Planning Urban DesignABSTRACTThe effect of oer maturation of constitution resources by kind-hearted and as puff up as lack of sensory faculty of in force(p) training and approach pattern in the cities ca single-valued functions numerous problems to many cities in the world. That is why it was crucial to pack good supplying corpse in the city and also to put the supply into practice with the bearing of the city itself. Urban supply is a mixture of readying in bodily ( wish well roads, maps and land occasion proposal) but also it is dealing with non sensible plan like regulation, policies in the city or regional levels. Further much urban designs be more foc apply on the art of making places this includes the counselling places work and matters such as corporation safety. The integration between these ii fields is that urban planners atomic number 18 more focusing on the melt of the city as a safe and sound, and th e urban designers forget try to control it in the design of the city.One of the main(prenominal) parts in urban planning and urban design is gullible collapse seat. The latter is the region or ground surface argona which is reign by plants that are promoted to a particular habitat testimonial functions. grands string out office has many various functions which vary from social, frugal and surroundal aspects.One of the better ways to improve the park grant musculus quadriceps femoris and conserve it is by implementing pine growth. The latter is ane of the researches that have been conducted in USA to approach a sustainable development in America. These researches have produced ten principles of successful solelyiance from e genuinely part of the world. The principles in bruise growth are considered to be good examples to be also implemented in different countries. Furthermore, the use of the smart growth principles needs to localize these principles regarding to the country condition, culture and legislation.In general, the understanding of the characteristics of different types of consecrate positions in an urban and rural hyaloplasm may guide authorities (local and country) in the persistent term planning process. The assessment of change in dark- parking circularise apply station system is equally master(prenominal) to take mea trusteds in maintaining livable countries and cities. Also planning and designing for a kelvin open lay are very historic in promoting the development of any country.urban PLANNING AND urban DESIGN ( kilobyte open topographic point)Since the existence of humankind, planning was among the main recurrences to deal with this is so because planning helps him to organize his activities and to predict his incoming. It is on the basis of this that cities have also been put into account in planning. However, as the human society is ontogeny up, this development is bringing several(prenominal) problem s to our earth since on that point is over exploitation of the world resources. Due to this over exploitation of the earth, ingrained resources and other(a) mal- human activities (socio-economic), such as pollution and waste problems, lose of natures conservation, biodiversity, ecology and parkland coupled with the emergence and dangers of climate change, global heating plant and its negative implications on lively tonus in recent times and in future to the whole world, there is a suppuration interest in sustainability, sustainable development and its incorporation into plans of all sorts.Despite this issues of global warming, researches have sh profess that discolor open put atomic number 50 be one of the solutions of that problem. commonality open quadruplet has effect on microclimates. Trees and planting mickle result in the reduction of peak summer temperatures by up to 5 Celsius. Thus, trees fuck be included in the metropoliss street scene designs wherever possib le, to bequeath shade and cooling and consequently reduce global warming (metropolis of London, 2009). Basing on the above said, we put outstanding to discuss about(predicate) urban design and urban planning Green abrupt blank.CONNECTION BETWEEN URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGNAccording to Peter Hall, 2002, the verb to plan and the noun planning and planner, have in fact provided the second general radical of meanings they do refer to the art of drawing up a physical plan or design on paper. They merchant ship mean both either to arrange the parts of or to realize the achievement of or more vaguely, to intend. The most common meaning of planning involves both the front two of these elements planning is concerned with deliberately achieving some objectives and it proceeds by assembling actions into some couchly sequence. It is on the basis of this that Gallion and Eisner, 1993, defined urban planning as an attempt to create an orderly development in urban areas and reduce s ocial conflicts and economic conditions that would endanger the exserts and property.On the other hand, urban design is about how to recapture authoritative of the qualities (qualities which we experience as well as those we see) that we associate with the traditional city a reek of order, place, and continuity, richness of experience, completeness and belonging. Urban design lies somewhere between the broad-brush abstractions of planning and the cover specifics of architecture. (Cowan, 1997).As we washbowl see it through the definitions, there are some similarities and differences between these two subjects. Though, the above definition can be summarized as follows (see the table below)From this table, urban planning has a role to postulate legitimate that a city is working and functioning well that is why urban and regional planning is focusing on various issues such as economical, social and environmental issues while, urban design is more focusing on aesthetical values li ke sense of place, building character, pedestrian design and design of usual space. Furthermore, sometimes urban planners can become very micro like urban designers. They can make some designs of the cities which is the main task of urban designers. In revenge urban designers can make plans for policies and guidelines. Because urban planning and urban design are very abundant, we found important to discuss about green open space as a focus point.GREEN OPEN SPACEGreen Open Space is the region or ground surface area which is dominated by plants that are promoted to a particular habitat protection functions, and / or facilities neighborhood / city, and / or network security infra social system, and / or agricultural cultivation. (Directorate customary of spatial Planning, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, 2007). Nowadays, the concept open space in heterogeneous matrix is not limited only to the urban park and keep but also non park-non natural-places. Public spaces such as stree ts, school yards, exterior sport complexes, cemeteries, and public squares are important green open spaces (Hall, 1998). wherefore plan and design for green open space?The process of getting everyone together to think about conjunction needs is worthwhile aspiration in itself. An urban open space plan is much more than a land acquisition plan. It can make a wide variety of recommendations about the future of a country.So, we have to plan for a green open space because A green open space plan is the flip side of a development plan. After identifying important green open spaces, it will be much more unmistakable where development should occur. It recommends land use regulations that will help to protect the community from uneconomic and inefficient sprawl. (Department of Environmental Conservation , California, 2004)It is for this reason that it is essential for urban planners to determine the function of green open space in order to maturation its value (such as water conservat ion, wetland area, city lungs). When you talk about why plan and design for green open space, it is essential to tonus at the surface and levels of green open space.Green Open Space (size and level)It exists two types of green open space rural open space and urban open space. Rural open space is made of habitat, recreation, health/ safety (flooding/seismic), agriculture/ rangelands, river and stream parkways while urban open space is constituted by recreation, trails and parkways, stream and canal corridors, natural resources and public space (Department of Environmental Conservation, California, 2004).However, it is too difficult to determine an international size of green open space by different levels because every country has its policies, own physical characteristics and culture but we have an example from United earth which can be a best practice.The United Kingdom affectionate Natural Green Space Standard (ANGS) mentioned that No person should live more than 300 m from t heir nearest area of natural green space of at least two (2) hectares in size in that respect is provision of at least two (2) hectares of Local Nature hold back per 1,000 population That there should be at least one loving 20 ha come out within two (2) km from substructure That there should be one tender 100 ha site within five (5) km That there should be one accessible 500 ha site within (10) km.We can not only discuss about the size and levels of green open space in urban planning and urban design, we need also to recognize the functions of green open space because the latter are always aforethought(ip) for certain purposes.Function of Green open spaceGreen open spaces are vital part of landscapes with its own specific set of function. Open spaces (natural or manmade) contribute to the quality of life in many ways (Burke and Ewan, 1999). Beside important environmental benefits (such as improvement of the quality of air, soil and water, decrease of to-do levels, reduction of thermal amplitude variations, protection against the winds, waste Management, improvement of the infiltration and drainage of storm water, reduction of flood risks), these areas provide social psychological services (such as Recreation and Leisure, Increasing physical and Psychological well-being, Sociability) which are critical for the livability of the city and well being of urbanites (Chiesura, 2004). Thompson (2002) sees green open space as places to celebrate cultural diversity, to engage with natural processes and to conserve memories. Green open space has also economic function it promotes the image of the city, increase the selling point. It contributes bionomicly because it diminishes the process of erosion and promotes biodiversity.These above functions can be combined each other. For example in Houten, we saw that green open space is combined with wet land area. The functions of green open space are water conservation and recreation. Also, green areas are used to get along people to cycling. This is done by planning green open space along the bicycle pathways. Here, green space has multifunctional purpose like boost cycling and enhancing community health.As it is stated above, today, green open space is mainly planned with a purpose of fighting against global warming this is why we found important to talk about its role in combating against this worldwide issue.THE ROLE OF GREEN OPEN SPACE IN trash AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGEThere is a growing consensus that global warming is one of the greatest threats facing humanity.Different researches have shown that greenhouse gases are the first to keep the earth warm, human use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess greenhouse gases. By private road cars, using electricity from coal-fired power plants, or heating our homes with oil or natural gas, we release carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. Deforestation is another epoch-making source of greenhous e gases, because fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide revolution of oxygen. This is why some scientists say that The bigger are the cities, the more the urban citizen is deprived of contact with the environment, the more he despises or simply ignores the other elements of ecosystem. He becomes more and more hostile and the men look for safety device during more time inside artificial environment Monteiro, 2001. This author treasured to express that the growing of the city affects the environment because the forest, trees or green in general are replaced by urban infrastructures like houses, streets, public building, etc. This idea is also supported by Sing Chew, 2001 in his disc world ecological degradation. Accumulation, urbanization and deforestation, he said that In all the process of urbanization, depending on the nature and levels of consumption and production, generates ecological degradation when the nature becomes extremely exploitative.It is true that if you build a bi gger city you will consume more sources and also you could have big impact to the environment, and if you are not limiting the growth of your cities you will lose a lot of nature area. However, big cities have a lot of advantages and opportunities thus we cannot do away from them because of green open space. Big cities are good for scrimping so to have big cities is not a problem it depends upon of how you plan for them. You have to limit the growth of the cities, integrate cities with environment and make sure that people have more contact with environment. And as you know, you cannot achieve this without good planning, this is why it is important to discuss about green open space and planning.GREEN OPEN SPACE AND PLANNINGAccording to Knopf, 1987 Gerlach-Spriggs et al., 1998 Cooper Marcus and Barnes, 1999), for thousands of years, there have been ideas to the effect that human health and welfare are influenced in a positive way by his spending time in natural surroundings wild na ture as well as enclosed gardens. It is for that reason that green open space is the main issue to be orderd in city planning. It can be primarily planned if you consider the green open spaces as your main priority it manner that you emphasize the environmentally friendly concept rather than other issues. For examples Green Cities and Eco-Village.On the other hand, open space and green must be planned at the same level with other activities. Example if you are planning for a residential area you cannot prioritize green open space but you have to plan for it at the same level with housing. This is very important for sustainability and as we know, sustainability takes into account social, economical and environmental aspects.It also depends on the situation that occurs in that country, for example if the transportation issues like craft congestion or urbanization are more dominant more than any other issues then the planning will give idiom more on the transportation issues.Concer ning the role of urban and regional planners, they can develop plans for long-and short-term land use and growth and regeneration of green spaces. Planners seek to optimize land for parks and other public facilities cogitate to the green open space. They can help local leaders to change magnitude social, economic and ecological issues by recommending sites for green space. In order to raise the awareness and understanding of this, urban planners could use media such as galvanic pile media, magazines, online media, radio, news papers, and television as tools of communicating with community and stakeholders, about how the urban planner arranges the space in the same understandings and meanings (Edison, 2009). There should be at least a diversion of responsibilities of all stakeholders in arrangement and using of spaces. In that way we could make a comfortable, safe, productive and sustain living environment (Fauzi, 2009).This work includes forecasting future needs of the populatio n. Planners consider the public opinions to ensure that these facilities meet the needs of a growing population and development. They can also help to make decisions about resource development and protection of green spaces. The planners can also help to legislate on the environment thus green open space will be well protected and will always be attractive. On the side of finance, they can look at the aspect of taxation, though they can plan for green open space near high class residential areas (taxes can be paid by high level income people).CONCLUSIONGrosso modo, green open space is among the infrastructures that contribute to the smooth development of our world because it has social, economical and environmental functions. Due to the functions and the role green open space plays in the cities, they are fundamental elements, inductors of quality of life. When they get organized in systems like the green structure, their value is potentiated and incremented then contributing more e fficiently to the quality of life. It is for that reason that green open space has to be promoted in the whole world. In nowadays, green open space is well thought-out because of its role in fight against the global warming and climate change. That is why it is incorporated in different spatial plans around the world. At this juncture, urban planners are identifying important green open spaces and determine always much more unmistakable where development should occur. So, land use regulations that will help to protect the community from uneconomic and inefficient sprawl will be put in place. This planning is done at different level with various size of green open space (we have to note that this differ from one country to another).After analyzing the importance of green open space, we discovered that smart growth can be a solution for green open space (in planning) because it takes into account the concept of sustainability. (Heberle and Susan M.Opp, 2008) and it is in smart growth that we project the principle of mix land uses which always gives room for green open space (Wheeler, M. and Beatley, T. (2006). Thus, it is suggested to urban planners to think about smart growth when planning for green open space in cities. Here, urban planners are oblige to work with national, regional, and local partners to give the tools and means needed to ascertain and prioritize areas to realize smart green open space. The implementation of locally based, long term green open space plans is a critical element in achieving smart growth. Well-managed open space programs can safeguard the natural green infrastructure of a place, offering opportunities for recreation, preserving important environmental and ecological functions, and enhancing community quality of life.REFERENCESBurke. and Ewan, J., 1999. Sonoran Preserve Master Plan for the Phoenix Sonoran Desert, City of Phoenix park, Recreation and Library Department.Chiesura, A., 2004. The Role of Urban Parks for the sustai nable City. beautify and Urban Planning. 68, pp. 129-138.Cook, E. A., 2000. Ecological Networks in Urban Landscapes. Wageningen University, Wageningen.Cook, E. A., 2002. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. 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