Steriods and Baseball Essay examples -- essays research papers

Athletes and Steroids          Jose Canseco claims steroids can make an average athlete a super athlete, and make a super athlete incredible. With that statement said, it non only compels pro athletes to use steroids, but teenagers as well. In 2002, NIDA funded a study that asked teen athletes if they ever tried steroids. The study confirmed that 2.5% of eighth graders used it about 3.5% of 10th graders and 4% of 12th graders admitted using steroids. The character of teens using steroids is on the rise every year and I desire something needs to be done to prevent it from even getting higher.      more or less athletes acquire steroids to gain size and strength. The main reason I see younger athletes are pickings steroids is because they view as notice of pro athletes pickings them. The pro athletes you hear taking them are Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi, as of late. Young athletes puddle grown up watching these two supe rb athletes and strive to be like them. In reality, the only way they can even play along close to being as great as them is by taking anabolic steroids.     Professional athletes have been taking steroids for decades, it is proven. Athletes get stripped of flamboyant medals theyve won in the Olympics because of steroid use. Many sports have been now change magnitude the amount of steroid testing because they feel it is an unfair advantage. People who take steroids clearly are more super...

The Essence of Tragedy in The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Essence of Tragedy in The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex In the search for the essence of the tragedy, The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex are central. Each tender tragic protagonist is in some degree a lesser Job or Oedipus, and each new work owes an indispensable agent to the Counselors and to the Grecian idea of the chorus. The Book of Job, especially the Poets treatment of the suffering and distinct Job, is behind Shakespeare and Milton, Melville, Dostoevski, and Kafka. Its mark is on all tragedy of alienation, from Marlowes Faustus to Camus St swearr, in which thither is a sense of separation from a once known, normative, and loved idol or cosmic order or principle of conduct. In emphasize dilemma, choice, wretchedness of soul, and offense, it spiritualized the Promethean theme of Aeschylus and made it more acceptable to the Christianized imagination. In operative into one dramatic context so great a range of mood---from pessimism and despair to bitterness, defiance, and e xalted insight---it is father to all tragedy where the stress is on the inner dynamics of mans response to destiny. Oedipus stresses non so much mans guilt or forsakeness as his ineluctable lot, the stark realities which are and always exit be. The classic tradition is less nostalgic and less visionary---the difference world in emphasis, not in kind. There is little pining for a lost Golden Age, or yearning for utopia, redemption, or heavenly restitution. alone if it stresses mans fate, it does not deny him freedom. Dramatic action, of course, posits freedom without it no tragedy could be written. In Aeschylus Prometheus Kratos (or Power) says, None is free but Zeus, but the whole tactical maneuver proves him wrong. Even the Chorus of helpless Sea Nymphs, in siding with Prometheus in the end, defy the bidding of the gods. Aeschylus Orestes was told by Apollo to murder his mother, but he was not compelled to. The spirit with which he acquiesced in his destiny ( a theme which Gre ek tragedy stresses as Job does not) is of a free man who, though fated, could have withdrawn and not acted at all. Even Euripides, who of all the Greek Tragedians had the direst view of the gods compulsiveness in mans affairs, shows his Medea and Hippolytus as proud and decisive forgiving beings. And, as Cedric Whitman says about the fate of Oedipus, the prophecy merely predicted Oedipus future, it did not get hold it.

Highlight POVs Essay

Doc. 1 Churchill wants to use United States as a warning to structure a new europium in order to reclaim from the World War and give power to smaller nations.Doc. 2 France simply does not want to cooperate with Germany they fear that the new Europe would last an enlarged Germany.Doc. 3 Vyshinsky is clearly against the Marshall plan, for he fears that the Soviets will discharge their influence in Europe under the scotch and political realize of the United States.Doc. 4 A Soviet propaganda that the U.S. government will weapon a form of capitalist approach in Europe, seizing everything under control.Doc. 5 Schuman believes the best approach in creating a strong economic market in Europe requires a complete unity with the excrement of any residue of hatred between the nations. Inviting Germany into constructing a new Europe would create a positive externality.Doc. 6 Coming from West Germany, he wants a merged, democratic Europe with the presence of diverse culture and eq uality.Doc. 7 Mcmillan believes the UK will benefit greater from favoring the trade route with its Commonwealth outline than joining the EEC. However, as a finance minister, he is more in favor of the countrys economic well-being rather than twist a unified European community. Thesis is underlined

Regulating Food Advertising for Children

Regulating Food Advertising for Children Mollie Burdick February 14, 2012 HU hundred and one Critical Thinking Herzing University Online The most popular motley of advertisement that companies wasting disease is association. This is done by having a famous actor or actress keep going the product by organism in a commercial or using that product in their television show or movie. This form of advertisement is more effective in teens wanting to fit in. For rase younger infantren they base what they want by what character or flirt is in the commercial or on the bm of the box. For example Tony the tiger, Tou bathroom Sam, and The headmaster from Captain Crunch.Children associate things being good for them when they see them presented to them in this way, peculiarly when they hear for example Tony the tiger saying their great This is why, thirty days ago, the marketing industry establi degenerate the Childrens Advertising Review social unit (CARU) specifically to recognize tha t material which might be truthful and non-deceptive for adults could salve mislead young people (Liodice, R). There argon guidelines for just about(predicate) every aspect of our lives. Now they are trying to enforce stricter guidelines on how companies advertise their product.But can this be done without violating a companys right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just engage to be a little more creative. So in position to help constrict childishness obesity, Liodice explains that companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media direct to work to repulseher in ways that go away bring better health to everyone in this untaught Advertisements are being targeted the hardest because children spend way too much time watching television. The fair(a) child watches about one thousand hours of television a year. On average, children ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a TV.Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV and 71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroom. says Kyla Boyse. This shows that children are not being active enough and they are losing their imagination. Our lives are governed by guidelines in every form. But can this be done without violating a companys right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just need to be a little more creative. So in outrank to help fight childhood obesity, companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media need to work unitedly in ways that will bring better health to everyone in this country (Liodice, R).One of the things that the guidelines ignored is the point and the fact that adults make the vast majority of aliment purchases for their families, particularly for younger kids (Liodice, R). So if the adults dont buy it the kids wouldnt be able to eat it. But what the guidelines did not forget is what children do, to get what they want. Example how children will through a temper tantrum if they cant have what they want. So t he adults have a tendency to realise in to keep the child calm. This problem I blame on the government for taking punishment out of the home.Adults are powerless against children in fear of going to jail for child abuse or child endangerment. Personally I feel a trip to the wood shed would be called for, it never hurt us, but it did get our attention. In order to help stop the bad influences of food commercials on children, companies have started O.K. off how many food commercials they advertise. According to Nielsen Media Research there was a thirteen percent decline (Liodice, R). Especially during the prime time when children are watching television. This is a start but not the cure for childhood obesity.This is not just a media problem. This is a problem starts at home, children need to play outside more in the fresh air so they get the exercise. T. V. was not designed to be a babysitter, but visual perception it has become a babysitter schools, government, companies, individua ls, and families all need to work together to stopping childhood obesity. References Boss, J (2010) Think Critical Thinking and logical system Skills for Everyday Life. Retrieved on February 14, 2012 Kyla Boyse, RN. , August 2010, Television and Children, Retrieved on February 14, 2012 from http//www. med. umich. edu/yourchild/topics/tv. htm

Naxal Movement

SEPTEMBER 2008 IPCS Research Papers Naxal driving force in India A Profile Rajat Kujur bestow of Peace and betrothal Studies 1 saucy Delhi, INDIA 2008, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies is not responsible for the facts, aspects or opinion expressed by the author. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), established in gilded 1996, is an independent venture tank devoted to research on peace and aegis from a S issueh Asian perspective.Its steer is to develop a comprehensive and pick framework for peace and security in the region catering to the changing demands of national, regional and global security. Address B 7/3 rase Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 INDIA Tel 91-11-4100 1900, 4165 2556, 4165 2557, 4165 2558, 4165 2559 Fax (91-11) 4165 2560 Email email&160protected org clear www. ipcs. org CONTENTS executive Summary. A Short History .. 2 communistic companionship of India (Marxist-Len inist) outlet .. 6 packs fight pigeonholing (PWG). 7 Maoist commie Centre (MCC) &038 commie g whole overnmental fellowship of India (Maoist) . 11 About the Author . 4 Recent IPCS Publications .. 14 Executive Summary In order to perceive the current variety of Naxalism, we fate to low tie contrary aspects of organizational trans earnation that form occurred within the Naxal grounds, since the propagation and current phase of the causal agency is a reflection of continuity and change. To understand its continuity everywhere the decade, ace has to understand its propellings of change, just as to understand the changing nature of the Naxal fecal matter, peerless has to understand the factors responsible for its continuity.And this reestablishes the dynamic character of the front. The characteristic get of the Naxal movement is its disorganized character which light-emitting diode to some interesting formulations, quite uncommon in the history of cause Orga nizations (MO)1. The fragmented character of the movement gave rise to a plethora of workable trends and sortings and at that placeby, coat the look for brisk avenues of organizational conflict. Due to its fragmented character, the movement Historic eithery socio-political movements whether extremist, whirlingary or irenic, operate through organizations which be cognize as Movement Organizations.The movement organizations are mostly characterized as b cartroadly speaking structured, decentralized and pr single to political ch whollyenges and counter cultural practices. 1 witnessed the rejoinder of m each past drawing cards and cadres from oblivion. This aspect of Naxal organizational politics is consequential to understand, as it enab lead the reemergence of a whole range of questions that were assumed to have been adjudicate once and for all(prenominal). A Short History To understand the genesis of the Naxal movement, bingle needs to locate it within the framework of the commie movement in India.To be to a greater extent specific, any study on the Naxal movement dirty dognot lose the importance of the rise and fall of the Telangana Movement (1946-51), since Telangana allow for always outride the glorious chapter in the history of kid struggles for Indian communists. In fact, it was the depression thoughtful effort by sections of the communist ships company lead to guide from the experiences of the Chinese revolution and to develop a comprehensive source for Indias democratic revolution. On the former(a) hand, the experience in Telangana also facilitated the ripening of triad distinct subscriber lines within the Indian communist movement.The line promoted by Ranadive and his followers, jilted the significance of the Chinese revolution, and advocated the simultaneous accomplishment of the democratic and the collectivistic revolutions, sottishd on city- found working- part insurrections. The sort out drew inspiration from S talin and ferociously attacked Mao as other Tito. The second line mainly professed and propagated by the Andhra Secretariat, drew heavily on the Chinese experiences and the teachings of Mao, in put awaying up the struggle of Telangana.The Andhra leadership, small-arm happyly managing to spearhead the movement against the Nizam, fai guide to tackle the coordination compound question of meeting the challenge of the G everywherenment of India. The Nehru presidency embarked on the way to parliamentary democracy, conditioning it with reforms like the abolition of the Zamindari dust. All these heading conditions facilitated the dominance of a centrist line, put for demesne of state of ward by Ajay Ghosh and Dange. This line characteristi scruby diaphragmed out the differences amongst Chinese 2 and Indian conditions and pushed the party a large the road to parliamentary democracy.In 1957, the commies succeeded in forming a government in Kerala, which however, was soon overth rown. Additionally, following the India-China war, the party split into cardinal during 1964 communist Party of India ( consumer price index) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) ( consumer price index M). fleck the cost-of-living index preached the theory of peaceful road to non- capital of the United rendersist development, the consumer price index (M) adopted the centrist line. Though thither were serious differences on ideological and tactical grounds, both the parties went ahead with their parliamentary exercises and organise the joined Front government in West Bengal.In the backdrop of such organizational upheavals within the Indian Communist movement, an possibility in a remote area trans organize the history of left over(p)(p)-wing extremism in India. In a remote village called Naxalbari in West Bengal, a tribal youth named Bimal Kissan, having obtained a judicial order, went to plough his land on 2 March 1967. The local landlords attacked him with the help of their goons. Tribal mass of the area retaliated and started forcefully recapturing their lands.What followed was a rebellion, which left one police sub inspector and baseball club tribals dead. Within a short span of or so cardinal months, this incident acquired great visibility and tremendous support from cross sections of Communist revolutionaries be to the assure units of the cost-of-living index (M) in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Though the united Front Government of West Bengal, headed by the CPI (M) was able to bring the rebellion within 72 long time sing all inhibitory measures possible, these units had a formal meeting in zero(prenominal)ember 1967, as a issuing of which the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) was create in May 1968. dedication to the arm struggle and non-participation in the elections were the deuce cardinal principles that the AICCR ado pted for its trading operations. However, differences cropped up over how an fortify struggle should be advanced and this led to the animadversion of a section of activists from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led respectively by T. nagi Reddy and Kanhai Chatterjee.On the question of the decay of the stratum enemy, the Kanhai Chatterjee group had serious objections, as they were of the view that the annihilation of the class enemy should scarcely be undertaken subsequently building up hoi polloi agitations. However, a studyity in the AICCCR rejected this and the AICCCR went ahead with the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) in May 1969. This led Chatterjee to join the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The CPI (M-L) held its freshman copulation in 1970 in Kolkata and Charu Mazumdar was formally elected its general secretary.Since past, both the CPI (M-L) and the MCC continued with their respective forms of arm struggle for the next couple of eld. Dur ing this period, Charu Majumdar became the undisputed Naxalite guru and with the organizational skills of Kanu Sanyal and Jaghal Santhal, the movement spread to divergent corners of the earth. The country witnessed the euphoria of a Maoist revolution. However, it was far more shortlived than expected. What was generally perceived by Indian as well as Chinese Communist revolutionaries as the last-place enactment of the revolution, in reality, proved to be no more than a dress rehearsal.As hundreds of CPI (ML) cadres lost their lives, and thousands were put behind bars, the movement witnessed confusion, splits and disintegration. Charu Majumdars larger-than-life image also had its negative bear upon, for after his death in 1972, the central leadership of CPI (ML) virtually collapsed. The history of the Naxal movement postCharu Mazumdar, is characterized by a number of splits, brought astir(predicate) by personalized and fix perceptions about the Maoist rotatory line and attemp ts at human body-correction by some of the major groups. Even Kanu Sanyal, one of the founders of the movement, could not escape this.He gave up the itinerary of give arm struggle by 1977 and accepted parliamentary practice as a form of revolutionary exertion. It was during 1974 that an influential group of the CPI (ML), led by Jauhar (Subrata Dutt), Nagbhushan Pattnaik and Vinod Mishra, entryed a major initiative, which they termed course-correction. This group renamed itself the CPI (M-L) Liberation in 1974, and in 1976, during the Emergency, adopted a new line that called for the continuation of fortify freedom fighter struggles along with efforts to form a broad anti amicable intercourse democratic front, consisting in time non-communist parties.The group also suggested that pure military armed struggle should be throttle and there should be greater emphasis on mass nipper struggles, in an attempt to provide an Indianized version of Marxism-Leninism- Maoism. However, during the next three years, the movement suffered further splits with leaders, such as Kondapalli Seetharamaiah (Andhra Pradesh) and N. Prasad (Bihar) dissociating themselves from the activities of the party. This led to Prasad forming the CPI (M-L) ( accord Organization) and Seetharamaiah started the large numbers warfare Group (PWG) in 1980.While Seetharamaiahs line sought to restrict the annihilation of class enemies, the PWGs emphasis was on building mass organizations, not developing a broad democratic front. 3 Since whence, the nous division within the Naxalite movement has been amidst the two lines of thought and action, as advanced by the CPI (ML) Liberation and the PWG. While Liberation branded PWG a group of left adventurists, the PWG castigated the Liberation group as one of the revisionists imitating the CPI (M).On the other hand, the evolution of MCC as a major armed group in the afore express(prenominal) areas, created the scope for multifarious organizational conflicts among the Naxal groups. Liberation took a theoretical stand of correcting the past mistake of completely rejecting parliamentary politics. On the other hand, PWG and MCC completely rejected the parliamentary democratic system of governance and vowed to earnings quite a littles war for battalions government. In the treat, while the Liberation group registered its first electoral victory in Bihar in 1989 Naxalite factions such as the CPI (M-L) New Democracy, the CPI (ML) S.R. Bhajjee Group and the CPI (M-L) Unity Initiative, eincorporated in the earth. The following years witnessed certain distinct phenomena in the history of the Naxal movement. First, the intraorganizational conflict and advertry among different groups touched some(prenominal) high points, resulting in the loss of a respectable number of cadres of rival groups. Secondly, despite the large-scale inner conflicts, there were always ongoing efforts at confused levels to strive for unity.Thirdly, 1990 o nwards, the bear upon state registered a considerable outgrowth in the number of violent incidents and at the same time, a considerable change in the policy approach of the government was also witnessed. While the Naxal movement has mostly been characterized by fragmented groups and innumerable splits nonparallel governments at the national and state levels were neer able to follow a supply approach to deal with the problem of Naxalism, thus, leading to a marked impact in the growth of the Naxal movement. There are three broad currents of the Naxal movement.For reasons which depart become obvious from the following discussion, this paper depart examine the Communist Party of India (ML) Liberation, Peoples War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). It impart examine the circumstances in which these groups were formed, their ideological bases and classs, and the similarities and dissimilarities amidst them. The paper, in particu lar, lead look into different aspects of organizational politics in relation to these Maoist organizations and try to locate their impact on the course of the contemporary Naxal movement.The following are the main issues on which there go forth to be considerable differences among the Naxal groups and which are particular causes of conflict amongst them. The abbreviation of the first phase (196771) of the Naxalite movement and the line of annihilation that was followed The place that armed struggle is the superstar form of struggle and the armed guerilla squad, the primary unit of struggle Since the principal form of struggle is rmed struggle, the entire activity of the agrarian struggle should be underground Whether the contradiction betwixt feudalism and the Indian slew is the principal contradiction in Indian edict or whether India has emerged as a capitalist state and hence, the contradiction between capitalism and general public is the principal contradiction Whethe r it would be judicious to form a united front with various forces and movements like the dalit, 4 farmers, ethnic and regional, and ecological movements etc. However, these are not the besides issues some(prenominal) other issues pertaining to groundlevel reality and control of territory are crucially conjugate to the functioning of Naxalite organizations. Prakash Louis, People Power The Naxalite Movement in exchange Bihar (New Delhi Wordsmiths, 2002) p. 277. 2 5 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation Historically, the origin of CPI (ML) Liberation dates back to 1974. However, the post-emergency phase of 1977, when most leaders of the Communist movement were released from toss was the time when the activities of Liberation first came to notice.The Party Central Committee (PCC), in a move to unite the splinter groups which owed their origin to CPI (ML), called a meeting during 30 January-2 February 1981. However, the meet did not deliver expected results. F rom this point onwards whereas the PCC group goes on to become irrelevant and splits up into various factions, the M-L movement begins to polarize between the Marxist-Leninist line of CPI (ML) (Liberation) and the syndicalist line of CPI (ML) (Peoples War). 3 During 1982, the Indian Peoples Front (IPF) was launched in New Delhi at a national conference.In due course, IPF became the partys open political platform, actively intervening in national politics. Same year, the Third Party Congress took place at Giridih, Bihar, where the issue of participation in elections was finalized. This shift in the outlook of CPI (ML) Liberation proved to be vital in designing the subsequent course of activity of the Naxal movement. The Liberation group, according to Bhatia, considers itself the align inheritor of the CPI (ML) legacy, its political line has changed dramatically from that of the original CPI (ML). 4 With this strategic shift in functioning, the CPI (ML) Liberation put down its firs t electoral victory under the banner of the IPF in 1989 and genus Ara (one Lok Sabha Constituency in Central Bihar) sent the first Naxalite member to Parliament. 5 In a special conference convened in July 1990, the party decided to sum up open functioning. This decision was formalized at its fifth Congress in December 1992. In 1994, the Indian Peoples Front was disbanded.The option Commission recognized the party in 1995, and since then the CPI (ML) has been contesting successive elections at national and state levels. The CPI (ML) Liberation, though functioning over ground within the parliamentary democratic setup, has not completely disbanded the way of life of armed rebellion. The Party does not rule out the possibility that under a set of exceptional national and international circumstances, the balance of social and political forces may even permit a relatively peaceful transfer of central power to revolutionary forces.But in a country where democratic institutions are based on essentially fragile and narrow foundations and where even vitiated victories and partial reforms can and be achieved and well-kept on the strength of mass militancy, the party of the proletariat must turn out itself for winning the ultimate decisive victory in an armed revolution. A stacks democratic front and a peoples regular army, therefore, hold on the two most rudimentary weapons of revolution in the arsenal of the Party. 6 This again points to the dilemmas within the immoderate left movement, which is very often reflected, in the unpredictable character of the Naxal movement.Thirty days of Naxalbari, an un-dated publication of CPI (ML) Liberation. Bela Bhatia, Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, sparing and semipolitical Weekly, April 9 2005. 4 3 5 6 History of Naxalism, Hindustantimes. com A Party put down of CPI (ML) Liberation entitle The General Programme. 6 . Peoples War Group (PWG) PWG is the most authoritative among all the splinter groups re imparting t he Naxal movement because the dominant line within the Naxal politics today, is the PWG line of thought. Though it is popularly k promptlyn as PWG or PW, its formalized words is Communist Party of IndiaMarxistLeninist (Peoples War).If today, Naxalism is considered as the greatest internal security problem and Naxals claim to be running parallel government in different parts of the country, its credit mostly goes to the PWG. The CPI (ML) (Peoples War) was formed on Lenins birth anniversary on April 22, 1980. 7 Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, one of the most influential Naxalite leaders from Andhra Pradesh and a member of the erstwhile Central Organizing Committee of the Communist Party of IndiaMarxistLeninist (CPI-ML), is the founding father of the PWG who later, was ironically expelled from the group. The programme of our Party has declared that India is a vast semi-colonial and semifeudal country, with about 80 per cent of our population residing in our villages. It is ruled by the big -bourgeois big landlord classes, subordinate to imperialism. The contradiction between the alliance of imperialism, feudalism and compradorbureaucrat- capitalism on the one hand and the broad masses of the people on the other is the principal contradiction in our country. Only a successful Peoples Democratic Revolution i. e.New Democratic Revolution and the establishment of Peoples Democratic Dictatorship of the workers, peasants, the middle classes and national bourgeoisie under the leadership of the working class can lead to the liberation of 30 years of Naxalbari, An undated Maoist literature, Vanguard Publication, p. 30. Vanguard was the organ of PWG. 7 our people from all exploitation and the dictatorship of the reactionary ruling classes and pave the way for building Socialism and Communism in our country, the ultimate aim of our Party.Peoples War based on Armed Agrarian Revolution is the only path for achieving peoples democracy i. e. new democracy, in our country. 8 Rejecti ng the parliamentary democratic system of the country and branding individual annihilation as individual terrorism, PWG declared that peoples war was the only path to bringing about a peoples government in the country. From the above quote from an important PWG party scroll, it is clear that there were organizational, strategic and tactical conflicts going on within the CPI (ML), which paved the way for the split and creation of a more radical party.Broadly speaking, the party programmes of CPI (ML) Liberation were mostly cogitateed on the cause of peasants, while the group led by K. Seetharamaih wanted the party to be a platform for peasants, workers, tribal and other weaker sections of society. It was the prime agenda of Liberation to build up a political front focusing on peasant struggles, whereas PWG was more interested in the formation of mass organizations instead of any democratic front. One of the renowned freedom fighter leaders of the erstwhile PWG summarizes the shopp ing center of the conflict between CPI (ML) Liberation and CPI (ML) Peoples War. In the Liberation group, which at one time was one of the knockout groups defending Charu Mazumdars revolutionary line, after the martyrdom of Path of Peoples War in India Our Tasks , a comprehensive PWG party document highlighting its aims, objectives and strategies. The document was adopted by All-India Party Congress, 1992. We obtained this document from one of the principal ideologue of the PWG. 8 Com. Johar, with the leadership falling into the hands of Vinod Mishra, they began betraying the Indian revolution.As part of a conspiratorial plan, a once revolutionary party was little by little changed into a revisionist party, like the CPI and CPM. The armed resistance struggles against the states attacks, taking place under the then leadership of Liberation, was ended. The armed struggle to crush the feudal private armies was do a standby problem. In this way, they diverted the entire group away from the basic path outlined by the integrated CPI (ML), and curiously of its founder, Com.CM that of protracted peoples war into becoming agents of the ruling classes, by surrendering them to the parliamentary path. They converted the Com. Johar-led Liberation, from being a revolutionary movement, into a legalist, reformist and parliamentary movement and changed the underground organization into an open opportunist and revisionist organization. 9 The above two official statements of the PWG clearly suggest that the birth of PWG which resulted from a split within the CPI (ML-Liberation) was on account of the dynamics of conflict among a emcee of its cadres.For a considerable period after its birth, PWGs activities were chiefly limited to Andhra Pradesh, while the CPI (ML) Liberation continued to hold its sod in Bihar. It was during this period that another organization came into founding on 1 January 1982. It was named the Communist party of India (ML) Party Unity, which cam e into existence due to a merger between CPI (ML) Unity Organizations and Central organizing Committee CPI (ML). Hereafter, left-wing extremism in India witnessed some of the worst-ever conflicts which again forced some(prenominal) organizations to take a position and adopt new tactics.Bihar has always go alonged a strong battleground of Naxal Sharvan, the then Secretary Bihar State Committee of CPI (ML) Peoples War, in an interview given up to Peoples March, Volume 2, No. 3, March 2001. 9 operations and ironically, in Bihar, most of the clashes were between CPI (ML) Party Unity and CPI (ML) Liberation. When these conflicts were taking a toll on the cadres on both sides, another development was simultaneously taking place. In August 1998, Party Unity merged with CPI (ML) Peoples War Group and the group came to be known as Peoples War. The merger of the two arties is the culmination of the unity process which began in March 93 and continued for over five years during which differe nces on several political, ideological and organizational questions were stubborn through thread-bare discussion. 10 The statement continues, The emergence of the united Party &8212 the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War -does not mark the completion of the process of unification of the literal communist revolutionary forces in India. The newly Unified Party will continue its efforts in right earnest to achieve this unification.We also call upon the other genuine revolutionary genes in the various M-L parties in India who are being led astray by both right and left opportunist leadership, to fight against these deviations and rally under the banner of the United Party. The United Party pledges itself to avenge the death of thousands of martyrs who fell in the course of the ongoing democratic revolution in India paved with blood by these martyrs until their precious goals are accomplished. This is the era of Revolutions. 11 With this merger, the PWG became a fo rce to reckon with in Bihar and in other areas where PU had a presence. Further developments suggest that with the merger, the element of armed rebellion of the Naxal movement became stronger, while on the 10 Peoples War literature titled Joint Declaration by Communist Party of India (ML) Peoples War and CPI (ML) (Party Unity), August 1998. Ibid. 11 8 other hand, with its parliamentary practices, Liberation was loosing its turf to PWG. Liberation, which once controlled the whole of central Bihar, was now loosing its territory and supporters to PWG and MCC.Not only in Bihar, just also elsewhere, Liberation was systematically shrinking on the act of Naxalite politics. By advocating electoral methods and not being able to make an magnificent mark, the Liberations way of movement became weak and the PWGs armed operations started gaining momentum. So while the Liberation, with its changed modus operandi was being reduced to a small political party, the PWG in the same period, managed to register its presence outside Andhra Pradesh and gradually gained strongholds in different areas of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Maharashtra.While the conflict between PU and Liberation made both groups suffer the loss of considerable numbers of their cadres as already stated, it also resulted in the merger of PU and PWG and ultimately the violent integration of the movement. The formation of Peoples War also resulted in tactical changes in several aspects of the Naxal movement in general. In our agenda for a new democratic revolution, there are two aspects &8212 the agrarian revolution and fight for nationality. 12 This statement shows the amount of organizational change witnessed by the Naxal movement in all those years.In 1967 it started in the name of agrarian revolution, which gradually took the stance of replacing the parliamentary form of government tho the question of nationality was never raised. This reflects the pattern of conflict betwee n PW and Liberation. By doubting nationality, PW wanted to make it clear that it wanted a broad revolutionary pattern and while land 12 to tillers could be a programme, it could not become the sole agenda of the revolution. Between 15-30 November 1995, the PW conducted an All India supererogatory assembly in some unknown locality of Dandakaranya.There, it adopted two important party documents. The Party Programme as adopted in the conference reads, India is a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society here the New Democratic Revolution (NDR) has to be completed victoriously paving way to the Socialist Revolution and to advance towards the ultimate goal of Communism. The Indian people are weighed down by three big mountains feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucrat capital these are the targets to be overthrown in the present floor of NDR.The four major contradictions in the present-day Indian society are the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses the contradiction b etween imperialism and the Indian people the contradiction between capital and labour and the contradiction within the ruling classes. While the first two are fundamental contradictions to be resolved through the NDR, the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses is the principal contradiction at the present stage. India is a multi-national countrya prison-house of nationalities and all the nationalities have the right to self-determination including secession.When NDR is victoriously completed, India will become a voluntary and genuine confederation of all national peoples republics. 13 The second document, which was adopted in the conference, was the document on the Strategy and Tactics. It reads, The political 13 Interview of Muppalla Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, the then head of the Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist Peoples War. http//www. rediff. com/news/1998/oct/07gana. htm This report on the Special conference was posted in a website (www. cpimlpwg/rep ression. html) which claimed itself as the unofficial website of PW.The website has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW set out and file I found that it was no less then their official website. 9 dodging to be engage in the present stage of NDR in India is one of forming a broad united front of all the anti-feudal, antiimperialist forcesthe working class, the peasantry, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisieunder the leadership of the working class to overthrow the common enemiesfeudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucratic capital.The military strategy or the path of Indian Revolution is the path of protracted peoples war i. e. , liberating the countryside first through area wise seizure of power establishing guerilla zones and base areas and then encircling the cities and finally capturing power throughout the country. The variability in the economic, social and poli tical development of Indian society calls for different tactics i. e. , forms of struggle and organization, to be pursued in different regions of the country, while the political tactic line throughout the country remains the same.In urban areas the political and mass work should be carried out observing finale precaution and the organizational work should proceed keeping in view the long-range perspective. Caste is a peculiar problem in India and distract forms of organization and struggle should be evolved vigorously to fight out untouchability, grade discrimination and to finally root out the caste system. The tactics of ostracize of elections have to be pursued for a long time in the prevailing conditions in India and participating in parliamentary and assembly elections under any pretext only weakens the class struggle. 14 These two documents, containing different organizational aspects of PW, make a clearcut demarcation for the issues pertaining to organizational conflict between the Liberation and PW. The Peoples War, on the basis of its assessment of the peoples level of preparedness for an armed struggle, discarded annihilation of class enemies as the only form of struggle and stressed instead, on floating mass organizations. It established several front organizations. 14During the 1980s, the Radical Students Union and Rayatu Kuli Sangham emerged as organizations with an impressive mass following and most of the PWGs present base and political cadres developed through that practice. However, during the 1990s, the growth of militarization became the characteristic feature of the PWG. The formation of Peoples Guerrilla legions (PGA), special guerrilla squads, Permanent Action Team (PAT) and Special Action Team (SAT) were the distinctive features of PWG activities for quite some time, before it merged with MCC to form the CPI (Maoist). 5 15 In response to a government decision to launch coordinated action against the Naxalites by police forces of the various Indian States affected by Naxal violence, the PWG formed the PGA, its military wing in December 2000 by reorganizing its guerrilla force. The PGA functions under a single operational command, the Central army Commission. In the Indian State where the PGA has a presence, there is a State Military Commission and in special guerrilla zones there is a Zonal Military Commission.A Regional Military Commission supervises a group of State Military Commissions or Zonal Military Commission apiece Regional Military Commission reports to the Central Military Commission. All armed cadre of the PWG are organized under the PGA. Ref Peoples Guerrilla Army, http//www. satp. org/satporgtp/countries/india/terror istoutfits/peoples_guerrilla_arms_left_wing_extre mists. htm Ibid. 10 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) &038 Communist Party of India (Maoist) The next important group within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement is the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC).It stands apart from a number o f organizations, since, conventionally speaking, it was never a part of the CPI (ML), which many claim as the mother of all Naxal organizations. The MCC, while supporting the Naxalbari struggle, did not join the CPI (ML) because of some tactical differences and on the question of Party formation. 16 The MCC was formed on 20 October 1969, around the same time that the CPI (ML) was formed, although during those days it was known as Dakshin Desh. It was in 1975 that the group renamed itself the Maoist Communist Centre.In 2003, MCC merged with the Revolutionary Communist Centre of India-Maoists (RCCI-M) to form the Maoist Communist Centre-India (MCC-I). proper from its inception, the MCC stood for taking up armed struggle as the main form of resistance and waging a protracted peoples war as the central task of the party. This position of the MCC has been repeatedly expressed and emphasized in a masses of Maoist literature. This armed revolutionary war is the war of the armed people th emselves it is Protracted Peoples War as shown by Mao Tse Tung.The concrete economic and political condition of India leads to the very conclusion that the path shown by the great leader and teacher, Mao Tse Tung, the path of the Chinese Revolution, that is, and to establish a powerful peoples army and peoples militia and to establish dependable, strong and self-sufficient base areas in the countryside, to incessantly consolidate and expand the peoples army and the base areas, gradually to encircle the urban areas from the countryside by liberating the countryside, finally to capture the cities and 16 o establish the state system and political authority of the people themselves by decisively destroying the state power of the reactionaries &8212 this very path of the protracted Peoples War is the only path of liberation of the people of India, the path of victory of the new democratic revolution. 17 Communist Party of India (Maoist) The Naxal movement in India entered yet another ph ase of organizational transformation with the merger of two of the principal armed organizations, viz.Peoples War (PW) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC-I), which resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The formation of the unified Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a new milestone in the history of the revolutionary communist movement of India. A unified Maoist party based on Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is a long delayed and highly cherished need of the revolutionary minded and suppress people of the country, including all our ranks, and also all the Maoist forces of South Asia and internationally.Now, this long-aspired desire and dream has been transformed into a reality. 18 This statement, made by the first Secretary of CPI (Maoist) Ganapathy, assumes a great deal of importance as it 17 Red Star, Special Issue, p. 20. Red Star is the English dustup organ of the MCC, as quoted by Aloke Banerjee in a pamphlet titled Inside MCC Country, dated June 2003. Red Star was the English verbiage organ of the MCC. Also quoted in MCC India Three Decades Leading Battalions of the Poor, http//www. awtw. org/back_issues/mcc_india. htm.Though it denies but many treat this as the unofficial organ of the Revolutionary internationalist Movement (RIM. ) Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the affair of the formation of CPI (Maoist). Peoples March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 18 30 years of Naxalbari, p. 36. 11 reflects the organizational politics that was going on all these years between these two organizations representing the Naxal movement. The improvised aim of the CPI (Maoist) as announced on the occasion of its formation is to establish a union revolutionary zone, stretching from Nepal to Bihar to Andhra Pradesh and beyond.While continuing their pursuit of a peoples democracy the ultimate aim of the CPI (Maoist) is to seize power through protracted armed struggle. The press statement, issued on the event of announcing the merger, stated, The immediate aim and programme of the Maoist party is to carry on and complete the already ongoing and advancing New Democratic Revolution in India as a part of the world proletarian revolution by overthrowing the semi-colonial, semi-feudal system under the neo-colonial form of indirect rule, exploitation and control.This revolution will remain directed against imperialism, feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism. This revolution will be carried out and completed through armed agrarian revolutionary war, i. e. protracted peoples war with the armed seizure of power remaining as its central and principal task, encircling the cities from the countryside and thereby finally capturing them. Hence, the countryside as well as the PPW (Protracted Peoples War) will remain as the center of gravity of the partys work, while urban work will be complimentary to it. 19 According to the same press release, the CPI-Maoists will still seek to unite all genuine Maoist groups that remain outside this unified party. 20 It is important to examine the significance of the merger, particularly when earlier attempts had been unsuccessful. In fact, the merger is largely being seen as a result of the gradual convergence of views of these two groups on areas such as the role of the party, approaches to revolution and adoption of strategies and tactics. In the formative years, Charu Mazumdar and Kanhai Chatterjee represented two irreconcilably different lines and approaches to revolution.At the time of the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) CPI-ML in 1969, the Dakshin Desh (the earlier form of the MCC), remained opposed to the process due to sharp differences with the CPI-ML over issues such as the formation of a communist party, existence of revolutionary mass struggle and preparedness of the people to participate in it. The roast press statement released by the erstwhile General Secretaries of PW and MCC (I) highlighted t he essence of the merger. In the past history there were many splits within the M-L movement.But splits are only one side of the coin the brighter side was that there were free burning efforts to immix the revolutionaries. The CPI (ML) (PU), though it had its origins in Bengal, it spread and strengthened by centripetal several revolutionary groups. The CPI (ML) (PW), though it originated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, it unified with revolutionaries in almost all the states where it was working. The MCC too, had originated in Bengal, unified many revolutionaries groups in it in many States and became the MCCI. 21 This statement underlines the continuous process of organizational politics within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement, which resulted from organizational conflict. Looking back, the need for a joint, unified platform was felt by the leadership of both 21 19 Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India available at Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organiz ations in India available at 20 Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). Peoples March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 12 he parties as early as 1981. The PW and MCC began unity negotiation from their very first meeting in 1981. However, the reason for the delay in the process was the lack of continuity of leadership. The arrest of Comrade Kondapally Seetaramaiah (KS), the leader of the PW, and later the internal crisis of the PW and split in the Central Committee (CC) delayed the unity process for several years. In the early eighties, the MCC lost its two cover version leaders Comrades Amulya Sen (AS) and Kanhai Chatterjee (KC), which had some negative impact, resulting in further delay in the unity process. 22 However, this is not to suggest that the formation of the CPI (Maoist) was the final stage of the Naxal movement. As one official Maoist document puts it, Revolutions never proceed in a straight line. The history o f all successful revolutions shows this. The path is zig zag, there are ups and downs, there is victory and wipe out repeated a number of times.. before final victory. Of course, there is no final victory until the stage of communism is reached. 23 The above-mentioned analysis makes the forceful plea that since the Naxal movement is essentially a political problem, it needs to be examined from the perspective of organizational politics. From the above discussion we can derive the following conclusions. First, the history of the Naxal movement is the history of a continuous process of organizational conflicts, splits, and mergers. Second, the movement essentially represents simultaneous, though not ineluctably peaceful coexistence of many streams and looking from this angle, the movement can be said to have its presence in all parts of 22 23 he country. Third, the growth of the Naxal movement is closely linked with the ongoing process of organizational conflict. This is because the ultimate political objective behind all organizational exercise, as reflected by the statements of various senior Naxalite leaders, is to build a collectivist alternative and mobilize people against increased imperialist intervention and proimperialist policies pursued by the union government, in support of revolutionary war based on the Chinese leader, Maos theory of organized peasant insurrection.Similarly, the history of the naxal movement, right from its first phase of 1967, demonstrates that even if there has been a continuous evolution in terms of their understanding of the Indian situation, the focus of the movement, its character, and the fighting capabilities and financial resources of these groups they have remained more or less uniform as far as their core ideology is concerned. Barring the Liberation, they all reject the parliamentary system of governance and want to bring about a fundamental change in the nature of the Indian state.For this, they have adopted the str ategy of protracted armed struggle, which entails building bases in agricultural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then liberated zones, besides area-wise seizures and blockade of cities and finally, the seizure of political power and achievement of nation-wise victory. Fourth, the history of the movement so far, has been the history of conflicts and splits. However, one cannot deny that its history is also one of mergers. 4 Ibid. State Repression, this is the title of the document which was posted at www. cpimlpwg/repression. html. The website now has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was the official website. 24 For more information on integrated checkposts, see the website of the Ministry of Home Affairs (http//mha. gov. in/BM_Div/BM_IntCheck(E). pdf). 13 .About the Author Dr. Rajat Kumar Kujur teaches Political Scie nce at the Gangadhar Meher Junior College, Sambalpur, Orissa. He can be reached at email&160protected com. Recent IPCS Publications August 2008 Arabization ever-changing Face of Islam in Asia Baladas Ghoshal Issue apprize 81 Asian auspices Architecture India and Ideology Jabin Jacob Issue legal brief 80 Indo-US Nuclear report Entering Homestretch Gretchen Smith CBRN Issue shortened 10 Impeaching Musharraf Issues and Questions D.Suba Chandran Issue Brief 79 Safeguarding Pakistans Nuclear Assets The American Debate Prashant Hosur CBRN Issue Brief 9 South Asian Union Divided We Stand Abhishek Raman Issue Brief 78 Indias Myanmar Policy An Alternative Roadmap Ann Koppuzha Issue Brief 77 India-Vietnam Economic Relations Opportunities and Challenges Pranav Kumar Special Report 57 July 2008 Ten Years subsequently Pokharan-II The Nuclear Debate in India Henri Laniece CBRN Issue Brief 8 thinking outside the Box A New Approach to Burma Baladas Ghoshal Issue Brief 76 Sam Manekshaw Indias Finest Hour PR Chari Special Report 56 Failing and Failed States The Global Discourse Sonali Huria Issue Brief 75

Participant Observation

Participant Observation Sports are important kind mediums in our country, but basket swelling is the tho play where you can go to al close any park and play with slay strangers. While early(a) sports involve diverse equipment and numerous amounts of actors, basketball is a quick and easy plot that only takes a judicial system and a ball. While using the participant observation method, one can slowly see how pickup truck basketball becomes a common stage for well-disposed interaction.While my original perspective of the sport was that of a friendly natured gage among neighbors with a competitive aspect, my nones and observations revealed how diverse individuals who meet on the court can sometimes become aggressive to the point of hostility. As a gym phallus of 24 Hour Fitness, I regularly play basketball in their indoor gym. I chose the location in Hermosa Beach because of the diversity of players that wait on there. Using the participant observation method, I was both observing and active while taking notes (obviously not while playacting, for that would be an incredible feat).In a time span of twain hours, I cease up playing three games while observing six other games. The location I visited was crowded, while ten players were on the court (five against five), ab turn up twenty commonwealth were waiting on the sidelines by means ofout the night however, this number changed as citizenry grew either tired or impatient. On the sidelines was a list of name covering for plenty who wanted to play next. This called for a more organized agreement of who had next compared to parks where people keep track of who verbally called next.I raise that about half of the players at the gym were African-American, while the recess of the players were sundry(a) evenly between Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic. Certain players, based on personify figure out and skill level, were given different roles throughout the game. The ages of the players seemed to be mostly former(a) twenties to early thirties, and at no point throughout my two hours being there did a woman enter the gym. Just as the demographics of the players were diverse, so was the gameplay.Some games were dominated by one key player, who scores most of the points, while other group ups had strong aggroup chemistry and relied on extremely to the open player. I also noticed that when a team is dominated by one player that team usually ends up losing. The team that I played on was very pass oriented, while the team we played against was dominated by only two players. The other team assumed that since their other players were short and small, that they werent athletic enough to give the ball, and because of this our team was able to double team the players who didnt pass as much.Players match up to other players based on skill and body size, which is why I was guarded by someone very akin(predicate) to me. I noticed that the biggest factor was height, meaning our tal lest player guarded their tallest player while our shortest player guarded their shortest player. However, during almost every game players put forward switches according to skill level in order to cause a more sufficient defense. Another important aspect of the game of pickup basketball is respect. When players call marked-up, even if they disagree with the call, the allow them to get the ball back.During game two, a person called foul but the player on the other team disagreed. As they began to argue about whether it was a foul or not, a teammate yelled out respect the call. After that he stopped arguing and gave him the ball. After I played, during the sixth game, a similar situation occurred in a more hammy way. One player jumped and caught the ball, but flipped over another player, and landed flat on his back. After everyone saw he got up and was ok, the player through the ball up top, so they could check the ball out and play again.A player on the opposite team began to argue locution that he shouldnt get the ball because his own player befouled him. After much hostile and loud arguing, I heard the injure player say, if you really are that thirsty for the ball you can have it, if you really are that desperate for a win. Everybody on the court agreed that the players allegation was a little too strict for a simple game of pickup basketball, and extreme competitiveness is frowned upon. Throughout the rest of the game the team did not pass it to him once, and before the game ended he quit.He became the focus of discussion for the rest of the night, as people began to criticize him behind his back. From my own personal experience, heated arguments over calls are not that uncommon in the sport of basketball, but usually from those with strong shell personalities. For the most part, the game is a civilized game where both teams make out for the win, and focus on teamwork and strategy. At the end of the day I nominate my perspective on this game had changed. The competitive nature of the game brought up the question How important is it to win? I observed that to some people the ules of basketball should be enforced strictly, so that the game is fair. However, the general consensus was that respecting other players safety and calls were more important. Nevertheless, I noticed that almost every game had some sort of argument that entailed. I concluded that there is a certain culture on the court that calls for a fair game and places winning as a priority. The sharp contrast to the other players who were only there for the fun and love of the game brings up questions on whether social or even economic backgrounds are what causes people to become so passionate about a seemingly frivolous game.

The theory of relativity and its use in Sci-Fi

This investigation looks in to the diametric aspects of general and special relativity that has been workd in science fiction movies. This report talks active the difficulties and possibilities of travellingling at the look sharp of kindling (c), the un similar propulsion systems that could be dod and how trecknology has varietyd the boundaries of physical science in Hollywood features. Time travel also features looking at different theories john it with a twist of new imaginations.The Foundations of relativity were set out in detail by Albert Einstein. The special version of the guess, which applies to commentators in a uniform copulation app hang motion, has led to a number of successful conclusions of a variety of meats. Newtons laws of motion give us a complete description of the behaviour of locomote objects at low zippers ( go of objects much less(prenominal) than the speed of gently). These laws being perspective up in the 17th century, when the classic al laws of dynamics where being hypothesise by other early physicists, these classical laws are themselves subject to a relativity principle.Einsteins special hypothesis of relativity gives the motion of particles move at close to the speed of lilting. It actu al unmatchabley gives the motion of any particle. This does non however prove Newton wrong his equations are within Einsteins relativistic equations.Einsteins theory of special relativity is based on two assumptions1. All inertial (i.e. non-accelerating) frames of case are equally valid (i.e. any observations or experiments performed pull up s sticks produce equally valid consequences).2. The speed of dim is constant for all inertial frames of reference.Given these two statements, Einstein showed how definitions of momentum and nothing moldiness(prenominal) be refined and how quantities such as length and cartridge clip mustiness change from one observer to another(prenominal) in order to break consistent result s for physical quantities.Science fiction has for years try to hold the theories that govern the reality of physics within their programmes, to keep those die vexed science fiction fans happy. Science fiction has been subject to cult followers for many years and in many countries, although no matter how sound they try at that place are a number of important facts that precipitate out almost popular to overlook, the main one being travelling at the speed of light. Many programmes cause nearly sort of light propulsion, incline run and travel to other universes. still offer this really be done?Many physicists all over the world get to tried to find out if travelling faster than the speed of light is possible without violating relativity. We do know that is impossible to accele judge forever, because the closer to the speed of light we suck up the mass tends to infinity this means that there would indispensableness to be an unnumberable number of thrust needed to p ush us recent this speed barrierThis equation represents what would happen to mass when relativistic speeds are reached. Here, m is the mass, of an object at symmetry m is the value for the moving reference frame. As you get closer to the speed of light the product at the bottom of the equation gets closer to zero so this means that m/m tends to infinity. If you were to rearrange this equation so to get the value of m the identical results are expectn.The increase in mass, however, is best understood not as a change in mass tho as a change in the relation send off of mass and momentum. Momentum (p) is the product of mass x velocity. Here, p is the relativistic momentum and m is the rest mass.Once again we washbowl see that the momentum this sentence pull up stakes tend towards infinity as we reach the speed of light.Using one of Einsteins most famous equations E = mc2 we toilet now see that if the mass does tend towards infinity that an infinite amount of power get out be needed to remain at constant velocity let alone accelerate.Time distension is another consequence of travelling at relativistic speed. Weve all heard about the twin paradox if one twin went on a plaza go at 99.5% the speed of light and returned in what he judged to be 4 years the other twin with assimilate aged by 40 yrs These exercises foundationnot be seen with humans, yet it has been tested and seen to occur with particles at the nuclear scale. So any sci-fi movie where the astronauts return home after tour other galaxies after travelling at the speed of light is clearly impossible, if they had been travelling for any length of quantify they would commence probably know back to their grandchildren.To explain this if you could imagine a shoes chi drive outery with a light source perpendicular to the motionIf there were an observer on the space vehicle and the light travelled 0.6m it would take 2 nanoseconds to travel that surmount. By apply a simple equation spee d = distance/ fourth dimension the light is travelling speed = 0.6 x 2&21510-9 = 3&215108 ms-1 this should not come to as a surprise as this is the speed of light. However if the observer correspondly was then stationary with the spacecraft moving past them, they would see the light take this directionNow in pre-relativistic (Newtonian) physics, twain observers enrol the equivalent period of beat. Consequently, the velocity recorded by the two observers is different the orb-bound observer would record a greater velocity for the burn of light. scarcely taking into account Einsteins assumption that the speed of light doesnt change, and is the same for both observers, the distance for the light to travel doesnt change as it is not in the direction of travel, the time which the light takes obviously changes. Does this then mean there is no such thing as controlling time?The distance that would brace been observed for the light to travel would have been 1m so victimization the equation time = distance / speed, time = 1 / 3&215108 = 3&21510-9 s, so we can conclude the clock on the space craft is slower than that when stationary.This is given by the equationIf v << c, then the result t/t is very close to 1. But as v approaches c, t/t becomes smaller. Time slows stamp out for the observer on the spacecraft as its speed approaches the speed of lightAnother effect of travelling at the speed of light is length contraction. The spaceship in any sci-fi movie go forth be shortened in the direction of its travel. In similar equations as above of the spacecraft were to travel more than the speed of light the spacecraft would have no dimensions what so ever.Investigation into virtuoso trek technology or treknology as it is popularly known on the World wide Web, I have found some interest theories on how they deliberate that travel at the speed of light is possible. Some of the more interesting ones I will discuss now.An interesting idea is to pull space tim e into waves a special modulated gravity emitter pulls space time into waves. Gravity can be use to bend light like is seen around a colored hole which is an immense gravitational field, down the stairs we can see that the light has been bent in a veer shape by the modulated gravity emitter.By travelling in a straight line among the waves the distance is much shorter the absolute speed is not necessarily higher than light speed, but because we pass across A to B in much shorter time than a beam of light would do, our effective speed is higher than light. We can also use this to build wormholes but can this kind of deal really be realised because of the huge amount of zippo that would be needed to contrive space time in to waves? Its all a question of energy if we can find enough than this drive is possible but where can we get it from?WormholesTravelling through worm holes is not an uncommon idea and even the most unscientific person has toyed with the idea while down the l ocal. The common concept is to make the distance surrounded by two points shorter so not dissimilar to the idea discussed above. We do not how ever have any worm holes at the macroscopic level. Quantum theory predicts them at the microscopical level although they will not be much large than 10 x 10-33, if we can feed it with some kind of energy to drop out it collapsing under the huge gravitational forces that it will impose on itself. But there are still some problems we cant predict where a wormhole will end. And it is also possible that travelling through a wormhole will take you back in time, causation causality paradoxes and if we can predict where wormholes will end, and if we even know how to create a wormhole to the coif where we want to be, we need still very huge amounts of energy.SubspaceWe have this space which is a mantic continuum surrounding our universe, the rocket science world has label it subspace. In star trek this hypothetical space doesnt limit you to li ght speed, but we dont know how to get in to it and most bizarrely even if it exists at all??Warp driveThe famous star trek misrepresent drive is discussed regularly in the field of physics. Its baroned by a tuned plasma stream from a matter/antimatter reactor.Injectors feed the plasma into coils at specific times causing pulses to run the length of the nacelles, front to back. This peristaltic flow should cause the push of nested subspace fields, and moves the ship ship.The Star Trek Technical Manual says that the fields couple and disassociate from each other at velocities near (but less than) c. It could be that the interaction of these fields, combined with the special frame subspace provides, causes the ship as a alone to travel at relativistic speeds. One again we have problems with the amount of energy need to keep us at these warp drive speeds.The designers of the star ship Enterprise use matter/antimatter annihilation to power these drivers. This may seem the stuff fr om science fiction but we use it at the moment to study the brain using PET (positron outpouring tomography) scans.These use the electrons antiparticle called a positron. It has the exact but opposite charge although same mass, these particles can be considered as mirror images of their corresponding particle. When these two particles jar the annihilate each other, they simply vanish, although the energy is still there and is carried away by da Gamma light beam. In pet scanners they detect this gamma radiation and use it to create an image of activity in the brain.Although his is an extremely idle transformation there are some things that do not change, in every annihilation1. charge is conserved,2. momentum (linear and angular) is conserved3. Energy (including rest energy E rest = mc2) is conservedThese conservation laws restrict what can happen only changes in which all conserved quantities remain the same can occur. But we are unsure whether or not this can actually supply u s with enough energy to power this warp speed driver.The star trek enterprise relies on the emission of these gamma rays as a propulsion system and not using the energy from the gamma radiation to power another engine.To get from one place to another in science fiction movies the general idea of time travel is a common occurrence, Back to the Future has had a number of popular sequels that involve travelling forward and back in time, but is this a viable idea in reality?The travel forward in time has already been discussed earlier as this is time dilation and so is some one wanted to go forward in time, they would need to travel at near relativistic speeds for a sizeable length of time and then come back to earth they would then come back at a later time than they had judged on the space craft, and as I have said this is due to the time dilation effect, once the individual has gone forward in time is there a way of going back in time, perchance travelling faster than the speed of light? The theory suggests that as the speed of light is reached there is no time then passing through to proscribe time- from your reference frame. Although this assumes that the speed of light is possible, and as Ive discussed earlier this is not permitted by the special theory of relativity.But not necessarily, Einsteins special theory doesnt allow but Einsteins general theory of relativity allows this, so dread not young time travellers It doesnt take into account effects of speedup or the four forces-the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces. This theory states that the fabric of space time itself is not constant, it can be bent and stretched this is what the treknology relied on, while Special relativity theory imposes a limit to how fast objects can move in space relative to one another, according to General Relativity, there are no limits on how the space in which the objects are placed can move.It is this effect that explains how the speeds of distance galaxies, measured by their red shift, this being the Doppler Effect, can be greater than the speed of light. The truth is, these galaxies are actually not moving much at all relative to the Earth, but the space amongst them is expanding like a balloon, carrying the galaxies with it. With enough expanding space in between the Earth and the observed galaxy, the expansion of space can result in the distance between Earth and the galaxy increasing at a rate greater than c.All of the theories of moving back in time that I have come across involve some sort of contradict energy. The work of one scientist Frank Tipler has stated that the only way to travel back in time is to use contradict energy.But how can you have less than nothing, if you have got less than no energy according to Einstein you have less than no mass.But you can have a condition of negative energy in a emptiness there is actually nothing on the macroscopic level there is a sea of electromagnetic waves and particles that are made at one point in time, in pairs and then annihilated shortly after, exactly as discussed earlier. But if this activity were to be dampened than a condition of negative energy would be created. This is observed near the event horizon of black holes (related to the emission of Hawking radiation), and in laboratories on Earth in the Caasimir Effect.The Caasimir effect happens when two uncharged plates are held very close unitedly less than a hundred nanometers apart. This restrict the number of particles that can fit between the plates, in monetary value of quantum mechanics, any particle that can appear between these plates must have a de Broglie wavelength that fits in the gap.De Broglies relation wavelength = h/pWhere h is planks constant and p is the momentum.Any particle that has the wavelength than this interval can form outside the plates although this means there is a bigger pressure outside of the plates and the resulting pressure difference results in the pl ates being compel together. The space between these plates has shown a property of negative energy that is to have a pressure less than that of a vacuum.Other properties of negative energy are having negative mass so this means that the energy must have a reverse gravitational effect, this allows space-time to be bent and the possibility of backwards time travel. at that place are however some difficulties firstly negative energy must often be wrapped to small spaces, now with most methods a lot of energy is used so need to be confined to a small space. The negative energy cannot exist independently, after appearing it will be counteracted by the large amounts of positive energy.Unfortunately the chances of getting this amount of negative energy before it is neutralised by the positive energy is extremely low. Now unluckily for the moment the only way to travel in time is to star in a Hollywood movie.The theory of relativity has been subject to expansion by British astronomers, w ho have tried to extend the theory to accommodate electromagnetic phenomena The Unified field Theory has tried to concern together the Four Known interactions 1.Strong, which is a short range force that holds atomic nuclei together. 2. Electromagnetic 3. Gravitational. 4. Weak, which is responsible for slow nuclear processes e.g. Beta decay. They are believed to have one common factor or unity that will link all four forces that are none to cause all interactions together. There are still breakthroughs happening all the time that are perpetually testing and rendering the theory of relativity.We have seen a number of aspects of physics that have been clumsily portrayed in the media typical, exaggerated fashion that we have all come to enjoy when we visit the cinema, but who am I to put a stop to this enjoyment, for who knows what the future has to offer in terms of space travel, for years the top minds in the world agreed that the raillery was flat and the atom was the smallest thing that makes up matter, maybe this is another thing, the media has labelled rocket science, we can also change.

Baker v. Osborne Legal Review

Thomas bread maker and others bought new homes from Osborne learning Corp. The new homeowners afterwards filed a guardianship against Osborne Development Corp. for multiple construction defects in the houses they purchased. The complaint alleged causes of action for strict liability, and other breaches of contract, and negligence. Baker and the other homeowners had on with the home purchases signed a builder application form containing the interest linguistic communication CONSENT TO THE TERMS OF THESE DOCUMENTS INCLUDING THE BINDING ARBITRATION PROVISION contained therein. By signing the application, the homeowners were presumed to have agreed to the terms of the warranty. (Baker v. Osborne Development Corp. , 2008). The question present is whether the new homeowners ar bound by the arbitration agreement they signed, or whether they could just sue Osborne Development Corp. in court. The Fourth Appellate territory of the California Court of Appeal answered both questions i n its 2008 decision when it held that arbitration provisions in the HBW 2-10 warranty were unenforceable, because they were conscienceless. The warranty was unconscionable because the arbitration language was broad and did non clearly and unmistakably reserve the sole imprimatur to decide whether the arbitration provision was enforceable to the arbitrator. The arbitration provision was procedurally unconscionable because it was hidden in a booklet not available when Baker executed the warranty application. It was substantively unconscionable because it was solely intended to benefit Osborne, as Osborne would have no reason to sue Baker after the make full of escrow. In NCR Corp. v. Korala Associates, Ltd., (2008), the court of Appeals weighed the issue by determining the stretch of the arbitration agreement based on the reason that a party should not be compelled to arbitrate a dispute which it has not agreed to arbitrate. To shape whether or not a case is arbitrable, the 6th Circuit looked at the allegations in each count of the complaint to determine whether the agreement was a necessary part of each claim. The standard used by the Sixth Circuit was this whether an action could be maintained without reference to the contract or relationship issue (NCR Corp.v. Korala Associates, Ltd. , 2008, p. 4). If it could, then it is likely to be outside the scope of the arbitration agreement. Going by the Court decisions in Baker and NCR, the homeowners are not bound by the arbitration clause, and are therefore vindicate to pursue damages in a court of law. References Baker v. Osborne Development Corp. (2008) 159 Cal. App. 4th 884 Cal. Rptr. 3d NCR Corp. v. Korala Associates, Ltd. , No. 06-3685, 2008 WL 140978 (6th Cir. Jan. 16, 2008)

Case Analysis of Sutton Health Essay

This network identified that traditional wages affect governance had limitations that hindered the effective collecting of revenue. What with the recession, health caveat organizations have seen an increase in the inability to collect debt from the self-pay, the uninsured and underinsured patients. This has caused a lot of struggle when it comes to the organizations to equate the carrying outal margins and the pro learns.I find there are a physical body of reasons for the new increase in patients debts, the most crude are, poor greenbacking practices, lack of patient information and correct demographics. thither is new ar celestial orbitment that is designed to return more than coordinated premeditation to said patients (Gleeson,2010). There are five geographic regions that reflects the health attention access to the customers of Northern California. Each of the five regions will have governance structure and it will oversee many of the Sutter affiliated medical faciliti es and besides the infirmarys. In its effort to increase point of redevelopment collections and improve the boilersuit revenue cycle Sutter health took steps to measure performance apply a handful of specific primary benchmarks, empowering PFS ply to assume responsibleness for every individual account they handle, learn distributively allowance is canvas utilise a rules engine to identify occupations onward patients leave the registration desk and ensure PFS module receive appropriate comprehensive training to outgo under the new musical arrangement (Souza, McCarty, 2007).Obtaining the correct patient information plays a large part on non-collectable debt because patients are not able to be r for each oneed. These limitations were associated with limited access to accurate information by the account representatives, powerless performance measures and fragmented centers of the service provision. The Sutter wellness program developed a system that was comprised of solut ions that were geared towards overcoming these limitations.The key problems and issues, is that the United States healthcare system is characterized by huge upkeep from collecting revenue from patients. This situation is brought about by a health care restitution system which entails high allowable pay health plans and as well as higher co-payments plan. (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This situation has been made worse through the large proportion of the population not having healthcare coverage. The traditional health care system has had a thorny time meeting their target revenue collection.This is due to several problems that habituated along with the traditional payment system. Unlike when dealing with the payments through insurance claims but to a fault dealing with the up-front payments that are required by the hospital for payment of services to begin with the patient could even receive the service (Souza, Mccarty, 2007). So this agent that the patient services ply (PFS) has to have put down and accurate information about above said client. This presented a problem for the traditional payment system where much of the customer payment system was surgical procedureed in the back remnant.This system as well required that the PFS staff ask for money from self-pay patients, but the PFS were not accustomed to this under the traditional system. The PFS staff found it hard to wait for the back destruction percentage to process customer information and to provide a breakdown of the patients payment details. So this became a tedious task for hospital accounting departments as well as for patients that had to wait a longer period before receiving services. The inefficiency of the traditional system not only resulted in low flavor services, but similarly in low revenue collections.The system provides much(prenominal) a broad range of health care services, which include acute, sub- acute, shell health, long term, outpatient care as well as physician rescu e systems. These services are provided through an integrated health care lurch approach that gives the system the ability to deliver a full range of healthcare products and services. rks. Sutter similarly recognized that the traditional system did not provide a means for analyzing selected data nor did it generate required detailed piece of music on demand. This led to more cost as the hospital had to desire on programmers to generate such reports. The front desk staff also lacked historical time information which hindered their ability to serve the client without consulting the back end staff.It also meant that the front desk staff could not monitor the patients progress (Souza, McCarty, 2007). another(prenominal) challenge was that the PFS members were not empowered enough to be held accountable for each patients accounts they dealt with and it reduced the amount of accountability among the staff. These are some of the key challenges that the Sutter system were meant to addre ss. The solutions that were employed by Sutter Health was an attempt to overcome the challenges stated above. Sutter Health implemented certain changes in the fore mentioned system that would make their operation more efficient.The strategies identified by the Sutter program entailed transferring most of the back end trequest to the front desk providing accurate and complete information to managers and upfront staff providing more effective performance evaluation and integrating all data elements at heart the system (Souza, McCarty, 2007). Allowing front desk staff to handle much of the payment process was deemed to have an effect on the efficiency of the process. Various solutions were employed to ensure that this is achieved.One of these solutions entailed using benchmarks to measure performance by the Patient receipts Staff (PFS). Sutter identified a handful of primary benchmarks which included Unbilled A/R days, Gross A/R days, Major A/R days, Cash Collection,percentage of A/R over 90, 180, 360 days (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This benchmark introduced shorter periods with which staff performances could be evaluated. This exit was timely especially when onsidering that the industry has changed and things happen in terms of hours and days but not months. Another solution heterogeneous empowering the PFS members to have full responsibility over the accounts they are dealing with. This move was meant to increase a sense of responsibility and accountability as each individual members will be responsible for his or her own account (Souza, McCarty, 2007). This also gave the PFS members more autonomy to act as they saw fit and this improved the speed and efficient of service delivery by these staff members.The program also provided the PFS members with tools, that enabled them to automate their accounts, sort out their accounting using various means and seen their performances based on the achievement of the target. PFS and other restrainer representatives were presented with individual dashboards that helped in the tracking of their progress in meeting targets. This also helped in enforcing the benchmarks set by this program. Sutters health program also introduced a front end collecting system as means of overcoming the mentioned problems.The pint of access collecting system introduced an opportunity for the health care facilities to reduce claims and denials. Though this system the patient records are analyzed before the patient leaves the registration desk. This enables the front desk staff to identify problems such as bad debt, patient or invalid patient type first enough and take the necessary corrective action. The Sutter health program also embarked on a comprehensive training program that was designed to reward the existing PFS members and the registration staff. This gave staff the necessary competence to deal with the tools provided by this system.The training program also eliminated the need to hire formally improve staff to operate the system that would and more than the $10-$20 an hour give to current registration and PFS staff. For example, registration staff who were not used to asking patients for money were trained in effective communication skills. The training was also designed to introduce autonomy and effectiveness which acted as a inducing to the employee.

Indiana Jones, Raiders of the Lost Ark Essay

I have chosen to evaluate a look from atomic number 49 Jones, Raiders of the Lost Ark where Indiana and Sallah unc everyplace the sound of Soles where the lost ark is hidden. We open the opinion at 5703 with Indiana leading a team of arrestgers up a hill to the spot where they result dig for the ark. As the scene opens we sample the diegetic goodlys of the diggers and commotion taking place in the stage setting. We also hear non-diegetic music that will be referred to as the ark theme playing as Indiana climbs the hill and has his men start to dig for the ark.The slow and build of creepy tone that makes up the ark theme reminds us of the continuing pursual for the ark and also that the ark may very well be close by. At 5800, the non-diegetic music briefly cuts for ab let on four seconds but whence picks up one time again as Indiana turns around to tin whistle for his men to start digging. As the digging begins, the music picks up and gets louder and louder. The full in the non-diegetic music builds the suspense and excitement of the scene and foreshadows the big stripping that lies ahead. At 5826 the scene dissolves into a view of the dig site from afar.Although the non-diegetic music ended, we pick up with the diegetic music or sound of the tune that the workers hum as they dig. We can also hear the diegetic sounds of the intrude howling and we hitch the sun raiseting in the background showing us that a cold night is approaching. The coloring from the sun set gives the catch a feel that something great is about to happen however caters a sense of mystery for those who dont know what is to come. In this shot we cannot see a detailed view of our characters, rather scarce the shadows of the digging men and Indy.We argon easily able to pick out Indy despite only being able to see character shadows exclusively because we see him put on his trademark hat which he is renowned for wearing. At 5844 the shot cuts to yet another shot of the dig ging site at night fall. Immediately we hear crushs of skag and strikes of lightening from an approaching combat which sets the tone of this portion of the scene.The thunder and lightning and construct anticipation seem to foreshadow the disc all oery of the ark yet again, which we initially hink is a good thing, however, the dark and evil sounds of the storm represent bad things will eventually come from the ark and show us that in hindsight, the ark should not be disturbed. Anticipation sojourns to build as we hear more diegetic sounds of thunder and a spooky wind howling in the background. We see a shot of Indy and see the worried look on his face as the storm continues to approach. At 5856 Sallah informs Indy that they hit stone and here we see an eye bourne match from Indy leading to the next shot of the uncovered stone. As the workers continue to uncover the stone, the diegetic sounds continue.The lack of non-diegetic music emphasizes the roar of the thunder and helps the view digest on the big find that is about to occur. As the stone is get up and the grave is uncovered, we hear the diegetic sound of an animal howling in the background at 5950. This gives the viewer a spooky feel of the tomb. At 5955 we see and hear a stinger brought on by non-diegetic music. The thunder roars with a lightning strike which lights up the opening of the tomb which reveals a scary-looking creature with jagged teeth. As this is revealed the non-diegetic music spikes and Sallah shouts from being galvanise which all creates this stinger effect.The stinger also proves to be the cue that re-starts the creepy, non-diegetic music. afterwards questioning the moving floor, at 10015, the non-diegetic music spikes into a lofty pitch shriek, as Indy drops his torch. The non-diegetic music lowers to a creepy tone once again but then spikes into a high pitch transverse flute sound at 10022 as the camera pans over the creepy view of the snakes. The non-diegetic music continue s into a low-pitch brass sound which continues to provide a creepy feel but also foreshadows the evil that lies ahead. At 10042 the camera lifts back to Indy as he rolls over and delivers his famous lineSnakes. Why did it have to be snakes? Sallah then crawls over to Indy and at 10059, Sallah utters over the non-diegetic music, Asps. Very dangerous. You go first This line then cues the diegetic sounds of a snake rattling and a loud boom of thunder which cues the end of the scene. Throughout this four minute clip, there are tons of diegetic sounds and a lot of non-diegetic music. The sounds and music play a spacious roll in this scene as it builds emotion for the find of the Well of Soles yet foreshadows the danger and adventure that lies ahead in the remainder of the film.

American Horror Story: the Affects of Sex and Violence in Media

Media Analysis Ameri lowlife Horror score American Horror fable is an FX horror-drama television utter, as well as an anthology series each season of the show has a different have and storyline. The show was created by Ryan Murphy (creator of the FOX show Glee) and Brad Falchuk (producer of tweet/Tuck), and premiered on October 5, 2011. The startle season of the show follows the Harmon family as they settle into their refreshful home in Los Angeles. They are unaware, however, that the mansion is haunted by its some(prenominal) a(prenominal) former owners. The two main topics in which we covered in conformation that are utilized in the show are terrorisation and informal content in media.The focus of the first season is on infidelity and temptation. Ben and Vivien Harmon moved to Los Angeles from Boston with their daughter Violet in an attempt to stupefy over and save their fragile marri geezerhood, after Ben had an affair with one of his students. Although they gauge the move will help, it only worsens their situation. The cable series is full of as much violence and sexual content as the writers and producers can read away with. With multiple instances of violence, sex, and nudity in every episode, the show draws a very puffy audience.American Horror figment is FXs most viewed series, with the fly of the first season bringing in 3. 2 one thousand thousand viewing audience. The show gained viewers as it progressed, and the premiere of the second season had 3. 85 million viewers. In an interview by AfterElton. com contributor Brian Juergens, when asked about what he precious to bring to the horror genre, producer Brad Falchuk said In the sequel of the horror genre, your main goal is to scare peck. You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards. You want people to have their friends sleep over that night.And you want to deliver iconic images that dwell with people. The writers of American Horror Story make use of many of the subjects from chapter 13 of our textbook. There are many realistic scenarios that occur in the series, such as a home invasion and multiple murders. This is an example of excitant generalization. Because many of the scenes are highly realistic, the generalization stimulus is very high, which then increases the fearful or emotional response. American Horror Story is rated TV-MA, which style that it is intended for mature audiences, and not children (usually age 17 or older).It in addition has a sub rating of LSV (offensive language, strong sexual content, and violence and gore). R-rated videos and magazines take hold far to a greater extent profane and explicit sexual content than intercommunicate television shows, but sexual remarks and suggestions are becoming ever more frequent in public media today. In American Horror Story there are elements of the four major themes of sexuality in media. intimate scenes in the show include examples of domination (sexual control of a pers on), ontogenesis (coercion of one person by way of power or status), reciprocality (consensual sex), and auto sexyism (self-stimulation, such as masturbation).In the pilot of the first season Ben walks in on the housekeeper, Moira, masturbating. She tries to get him to sleep with her but he goes to another direction and masturbates as well. Yet another storyline consists of Bens former student, Hayden, in which he had an affair with, who shows up and tries to convince him to stay with her. These scenes, along with many others throughout the season, go back to the theme of infidelity and temptation. The trailer for the first season of American Horror Story gives the basic plot of the show. It excessively makes use of frightening music and sounds to get the attention of fans of the horror genre.The season two trailer also highlights each characters traits and occupations short (Leos photography, Shelleys sensuality, Lana Winters love for her partner, Wendy, etc. ). These short adve rtisements appeal to viewers by the use of catharsis. The audience of American Horror Story wants to be scared. Its a way for them to escape, or animate, their own violent predispositions or inclinations to purge themselves of their personal worries and apprehensions. Personally speaking, I find the sadistic and erotic nature of the show enjoyable.It allows me and other viewers to gain vicious delight by identifying with the immoral and shady personalities of the characters in the show. The intent of the show can be pretty well summed up by the theories of scholar and professor, Dolf Zillmann, in Fundamentals of Media Effects (Bryant and Thompson) Zillmann (1991a, 1991b) described horror as frightening because it releases empathetic responses toward victims and makes viewers apprehensive about becoming victims themselves. In other words, viewers identify with the victims and experience their terror vicariously.Horror also frightens viewers because of their apprehensions they fear world victims themselves. Finally, horror usually features a satisfying ending that viewers enjoy. American Horror Story has had its share of controversy with viewers already. Erin Brown, contributor for the refinement and Media Institute at the Media Research Center, writes The premiere of American Horror Story wasnt just sexually and physically repulsive. Flashback scenes also featured a large dose of verbal and mental cruelty toward a Down syndrome daughter including her mother, played by Jessica Lange, wishing shed aborted her.To add to the violence, sex and abuse, there were 13 versions of the word s**t, and such delightful terms as p***y and c**ksucker. With all this objectionable content, Entertainment Weekly dormant named American Horror Story one of its Top Ten Things We lovemaking this Week putting it on their famous Must List in the October 7 issue. This show has a potential to literally be shattering to all of the things that we consider to be normal, one of the a ctors said during production. Many agnatic reviews of the show describe it as disturbing, terrifying, and even repulsive.The three main age groups discussed in the Reactions to Disturbing or Frightening Media Content chapter of Fundamentals of Media Effects, 3-8, 9-12, and 12-17, are all thought to be too young for most parents. nearly critics also consider American Horror Story to be a strained and overexcited mess. Though there are many frightening elements to the show, most of them are written off as cliche. The fact that in society today we are so used to seeing violence and sexual content in media, these happenings in the show are not as disconcerting as they would have been in the decades prior to the twenty-first century.